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The difficulties with addressing toxic air pollutants are the cheer number of compounds present in the atmosphere and their sources. The purpose of this book is to develop an approach to understanding toxic air pollutants through synthesis of the scientific results obtained in the Airbourne Toxic Element and Organic Substance (ATEOS) project.
Air pollution is an alarming problem, not only in terms of air quality, but also in relation to health issues. Toxic air pollutant concentrations produce harmful impacts on plant health and human health. Further, though there are various sources of air pollution, anthropogenic and biogenic sources are becoming increasingly problematic. A number of control methods have been applied to reduce the air pollutant concentrations so that their global environmental burden on plants as well as humans can be mitigated. However, as confirmed in numerous reports and studies, their concentrations continue to be very high and everyday cases related to air pollution have become exponentially high not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. In plants, toxic air quality has various adverse effects, including biochemical and physiological disorders, chronic diseases and/or lower yields. In humans, air pollutants affect the body’s metabolism and immune system, lungs and central nervous system. This book provides an essential overview of air pollution, its impacts on plant and human health, and potential control strategies. The respective chapters cover general monitoring and characterization techniques for air pollutants, air quality modelling applications, plant and human health effects, risk assessment, and air pollution control policy. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable and unique resource for students of Environmental Science, Biological Science, Medical Science and Agriculture; and for environmental consultants, researchers and other professionals whose work involves air quality, plant and human related research.
Toxic Airs brings together historians of medicine, environmental historians, historians of science and technology, and interdisciplinary scholars to address atmospheric issues on a spectrum of scales from body to place to planet. The chapters analyze airborne and atmospheric threats posed to humans, and contributors demonstrate how conceptions of toxicity have evolved and how humans have both created and mitigated toxins in the air. Specific topics discussed include medieval beliefs in the pestilent breath of witches, malarial theory in India, domestic and military use of tear gas, Gulf War Syndrome, Los Angeles smog, automotive emissions control, the epidemiological effects of air pollution, transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, the contributions of contemporary artists to climate awareness, and the toxic history of carbon "die"-oxide. Overall, the essays provide a wide-ranging historical study of interest to students and scholars of many disciplines.
State and federal regulations affecting hazardous air pollutants have produced an escalating dilemma for industrial facilities. While struggling to remain competitive and in compliance with environmental regulations, industry faces increasing requirements and potential liabilities due to emissions of hazardous air pollutants. Many states began establishing regulations governing the emissions of hazardous air pollutants after the 1984 accidental release of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, India. After thirteen years of extended debate, the US Congress passed significant amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990. These various regulations require industrial facilities to evaluate, control, monitor, permit and assess risk for a variety of listed chemicals considered hazardous air pollutants. Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments provides for the permitting and control of sources emitting as little as ten tons per year of one of 189 federally listed hazardous air pollutants. In addition, sources emitting lesser quantities of 100 of these 189 hazardous air pollutants have to develop risk management plans to prevent accidental releases. This requirement is very similar to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulation for protecting workers from accidental releases. Approximately ten other federal regulations also deal with emissions of hazardous pollutants. In addition, state regulations address up to 460 hazardous air pollutants. Deadlines for establishing compliance with the federal requirements are currently being implemented for some industry categories and are scheduled to be completed by 2003.To effectively respond to this myriad of hazardous air pollutant regulations and maintain a viable business, owners and operators of industrial facilities need to understand: the pollutants that are regulated as hazardous, applicable state and federal requirements, sources of hazardous air pollutants, the quantification of hazardous air pollutant emissions, potential risks and liabilities, and the best means to establish a compliance program.This book provides a review of the regulatory requirements affecting sources of hazardous air pollutants, the methods for inventorying and measuring emissions, methods for evaluating potential risks and liabilities due to hazardous air pollutant emissions, and approaches available to reduce emissions and establish a hazardous air pollutant compliance program.
Author : David R. Patrick Publisher : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Page : 588 pages File Size : 13,42 MB Release : 1994 Category : Air ISBN : 9780442009038
Toxic Air Pollution Handbook Edited by David R. Patrick The 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act created an entirely new program for the regulation of toxic air pollutants. As a result, the sources of these pollutants have been required to upgrade their control measures or install new ones. Here is the first comprehensive reference on how to assess, regulate, and control these pollutants in order to comply with the new regulations. The Toxic Air Pollution Handbook lists 189 toxic air pollutants subject to regulation and their sources. It covers the latest acceptable control methods and identifies safe and/or acceptable levels of exposure for these pollutants as mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. The author clarifies the requirements of the 1990 amendments, describes how the toxicity of air pollutants is evaluated, and provides EPA-accepted health criteria for dealing with these pollutants. Also included are discussions of Methods for assessing/quantifying human exposure to toxic air pollutants Technologies and operating procedures used to control emissions Fugitive emissions (an important but little understood source of air pollution) Air sampling methods and emission estimation How to communicate with the public, press, and regulators about risks associated with air toxics Throughout, emphasis is on the reduction of toxic emissions. The author discuses the new science of ecological assessment, as well as current state and local toxic air pollutant regulatory programs. He addresses air dispersion and deposition models, how to include population activity in an exposure assessment, how to derive and use ambient concentration limits, and how to use risk assessment with air toxics. Other key subjects addressed include air toxic from mobile sources, the effects of various regulatory programs, and international controls. Plant managers, environmental managers, environmental consultants, regulators, and teachers will find the Toxic Air Pollution Handbook to be a vital resource.
The book covers the three largest sources of particulate matter pollution in five chapters. These sources constitute three of the top ten public health problems in the world today and far outstrip any other environmental health threats in terms of health impact. The book begins with indoor solid fuel combustion for cooking in lower income countries and tells the story of how this problem was identified and recent efforts to eliminate it. The book next looks at tobacco smoking and second hand smoke, again reviewing the history of how these problems were identified scientifically and the fierce industry push back against the science. The last two chapters cover ambient particulate matter in the outdoor air. They address fine and ultrafine particles, describing the pioneering work on fine PM, the subsequent industry attacks on the scientists and then the emerging interest and concern about ultrafine particles, an area of research in which the author has participated. This book is geared towards non-scientists, including high school and college students.
This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazardousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmental exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards.