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A detailed review of the theoretical methods of optical pyrometry and the application of these methods at the National Bureau of Standards in realizing, maintaining and distributing the International Practical Temperature Scale above 1063 C degrees is presented.In the theoretical presentation, the concepts of effective and mean effective wavelengths are introduced, and various equations relating these parameters to each other and other physical quantities are derived.The important features of precision visual optical pyrometers are discussed and a number of blackbody sources and tungsten strip lamps described. Detailed experimental procedures and results of primary and secondary calibrations of optical pyrometers at NBS are given.Finally, recommendations for achieving high precision and accuracy and the fundamental limitations in visual optical pyrometry are presented.(Author).
The present book was written for three classes of readers-"college students, technically trained men who deal with processes requiring high temperature measurements, and less trained observers who may make the measurements." The book is practically a synopsis of "Measurement of high temperatures" by Burgess and Le Chatelier, Wiley, 1912, but is presented in different form especially suitable for the class room, as minor details are omitted, and in several places the text is illustrated by practical problems. Also at the end of each chapter are several experiments, fourteen in all, which are prepared in sufficient detail for the ordinary student, and which cover the field of pyrometry very satisfactorily. The chapters are headed as follows: (1) Standard Temperature Scales; (2) Resistance Pyrometry; (3) Thermoelectric Pyrometry; (4) Radiation Pyrometry; (5) Optical Pyrometry. The text is well illustrated and several new American instruments are shown. A few comments may be made on points of minor detail. In the preface it is stated that "the day is already past when foundrymen and steel workers depend upon the eye to judge the temperatures of their product in the various stages of its heat treatment, when makers of ceramic products depend upon the indication of fusible cones," etc. One needs but visit industrial plants to realize this Utopian condition is far from being fulfilled. Probably nine out of ten ceramic industries employ fusible cones or similar means of temperature measurement, and many of the leading ceramic engineers of this country advocate their use in preference to more scientific instruments. A point in history is brought out on page 3. Bolton ("Evolution of the thermometer") states that Celsius assigned the number 100 to the temperature of melting ice and o to the temperature of steam. The present assignment of numerals was made by Christ in 1743. Also, according to Bolton, Fahrenheit did not assign the number 212 to the boiling point of water as here stated. The method of correcting for lead resistance of the resistance thermometer, page 21, is crude. Even for the most elementary students, the bridge should be arranged as in Fig. 7. A student will be interested in solving the mathematics of the Wheatstone bridge in order to see why the arrangement in Fig. 7 compensates properly. Sulphur should not be boiled in an aluminum tube as illustrated in Fig. 15. With such a tube electrically heated to the top as shown in the figure, the vapor can be superheated to almost any value. The heating coil should be much shorter, and for accurate work glass tubes are to be preferred. The geometrical optics of Fig. 44 is incorrect. Prism M, Fig. 62, should be turned through 1800. Recent work indicates that C2 is more nearly equal to 14,350 than 14,500 as given on page 91. On page 140 it is stated that "a person of no training can get better results with a radiation pyrometer than with an optical pyrometer." This is contrary to experience. Published investigation has shown that persons who are totally unfamiliar with the optical pyrometer can set to within 50 or 10° C. To obtain such accuracy with a radiation pyrometer requires a great amount of experience and a consideration of many factors which are not mentioned in any text-book.... The demand for engineers having some knowledge of practical pyrometry is becoming greater every year. Many schools are offering courses in this subject and the day is near when pyrometry will be a required course for engineers and chemists. The present book should serve as a suitable text for a junior or senior course covering one semester. -Physical Review [1918]
PREFACE. THE Author of this very practical treatise on Scotch Loch - Fishing desires clearly that it may be of use to all who had it. He does not pretend to have written anything new, but to have attempted to put what he has to say in as readable a form as possible. Everything in the way of the history and habits of fish has been studiously avoided, and technicalities have been used as sparingly as possible. The writing of this book has afforded him pleasure in his leisure moments, and that pleasure would be much increased if he knew that the perusal of it would create any bond of sympathy between himself and the angling community in general. This section is interleaved with blank shects for the readers notes. The Author need hardly say that any suggestions addressed to the case of the publishers, will meet with consideration in a future edition. We do not pretend to write or enlarge upon a new subject. Much has been said and written-and well said and written too on the art of fishing but loch-fishing has been rather looked upon as a second-rate performance, and to dispel this idea is one of the objects for which this present treatise has been written. Far be it from us to say anything against fishing, lawfully practised in any form but many pent up in our large towns will bear us out when me say that, on the whole, a days loch-fishing is the most convenient. One great matter is, that the loch-fisher is depend- ent on nothing but enough wind to curl the water, -and on a large loch it is very seldom that a dead calm prevails all day, -and can make his arrangements for a day, weeks beforehand whereas the stream- fisher is dependent for a good take on the state of the water and however pleasant and easy it may be for one living near the banks of a good trout stream or river, it is quite another matter to arrange for a days river-fishing, if one is looking forward to a holiday at a date some weeks ahead. Providence may favour the expectant angler with a good day, and the water in order but experience has taught most of us that the good days are in the minority, and that, as is the case with our rapid running streams, -such as many of our northern streams are, -the water is either too large or too small, unless, as previously remarked, you live near at hand, and can catch it at its best. A common belief in regard to loch-fishing is, that the tyro and the experienced angler have nearly the same chance in fishing, -the one from the stern and the other from the bow of the same boat. Of all the absurd beliefs as to loch-fishing, this is one of the most absurd. Try it. Give the tyro either end of the boat he likes give him a cast of ally flies he may fancy, or even a cast similar to those which a crack may be using and if he catches one for every three the other has, he may consider himself very lucky. Of course there are lochs where the fish are not abundant, and a beginner may come across as many as an older fisher but we speak of lochs where there are fish to be caught, and where each has a fair chance. Again, it is said that the boatman has as much to do with catching trout in a loch as the angler. Well, we dont deny that. In an untried loch it is necessary to have the guidance of a good boatman but the same argument holds good as to stream-fishing...
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1917 edition. Excerpt: ... (6) Columns for Discount on Purchases and Discount on Notes on the same side of the Cash Book; (c) Columns for Discount on Sales and Cash Sales on the debit side of the Cash Book; (d) Departmental columns in the Sales Book and in the Purchase Book. Controlling Accounts.--The addition of special columns in books of original entry makes possible the keeping of Controlling Accounts. The most common examples of such accounts are Accounts Receivable account and Accounts Payable account. These summary accounts, respectively, displace individual customers' and creditors' accounts in the Ledger. The customers' accounts are then segregated in another book called the Sales Ledger or Customers' Ledger, while the creditors' accounts are kept in the Purchase or Creditors' Ledger. The original Ledger, now much reduced in size, is called the General Ledger. The Trial Balance now refers to the accounts in the General Ledger. It is evident that the task of taking a Trial Balance is greatly simplified because so many fewer accounts are involved. A Schedule of Accounts Receivable is then prepared, consisting of the balances found in the Sales Ledger, and its total must agree with the balance of the Accounts Receivable account shown in the Trial Balance. A similar Schedule of Accounts Payable, made up of all the balances in the Purchase Ledger, is prepared, and it must agree with the balance of the Accounts Payable account of the General Ledger." The Balance Sheet.--In the more elementary part of the text, the student learned how to prepare a Statement of Assets and Liabilities for the purpose of disclosing the net capital of an enterprise. In the present chapter he was shown how to prepare a similar statement, the Balance Sheet. For all practical...
Radiometric Calibration: Theory and Methods contains an engineering development of the theories and methods of radiometric calibration. This book is organized into 18 chapters. Chapters I to V present an introduction to nomenclature, radiation geometry, and blackbody radiation that serves to simplify the discussion of the calibration theory. The rest of the chapters provide the theory of sensor calibration, reviewing numerous examples in which laboratory equipment and specific techniques are described. Algorithms are also covered for digital computer processing as appropriate for each functional aspect of sensor characterization. This publication is intended for engineers and applied physicists concerned with sensor calibration and the interpretation of sensor data.