[PDF] The Wari Civilization And Their Descendants eBook

Author : Mary Glowacki
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 189 pages
File Size : 39,76 MB
Release : 2020-01-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 1498589634

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Drawing on research conducted in Cuzco, Peru,The Wari Civilization and Their Descendants: Imperial Transformation in Pre-Inca Cuzco, Peru analyzes the political and social transformations that led to the downfall of the Wari civilization in the Andean Middle Horizon period (AD 500–1000) and resulted in the rise of the Inca state. The contributors to this collection present evidence of the Wari civilization’s robust, imperialistic occupation of Cuzco, and argue that this presence laid the groundwork for later regional polities that can be traced to the Late Horizon Inca period (AD 1476–1532). This collection fills a gap in scholarly literature on Cuzco prehistory, the provincial southern highlands of the Wari civilization, and early imperialism in the Andes.

Author : Elizabeth N. Arkush
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 307 pages
File Size : 32,69 MB
Release : 2022-03-31
Category : History
ISBN : 1316510964

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This book examines the varied faces of war, politics, and violent spectacle over thousands of years in the pre-Columbian Andes.

Author : Alexander R. Thomas
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 491 pages
File Size : 42,41 MB
Release : 2021-06-17
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 1793644330

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City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems begins with a simple assumption: every human requires, on average, two-thousand calories per day to stay alive. Tracing the ramifications of this insight leads to the caloric well: the caloric demand at one point in the environment. As population increases, the depth of the caloric well reflects this increased demand and requires a population to go further afield for resources, a condition called urban dependency. City and Country traces the structural ramifications of these dynamics as the population increased from the Paleolithic to today. We can understand urban dependency as the product of the caloric demands a population puts on a given environment, and when those demands outstrip the carry capacity of the environment, a caloric well develops that forces a community to look beyond its immediate area for resources. As the well deepens, the horizon from which resources are gathered is pushed further afield, often resulting in conflict with neighboring groups. Prior to settled villages, increases in population resulted in cultural (technological) innovations that allowed for greater use of existing resources: the broad-spectrum revolution circa 20 thousand years ago, the birth of agricultural villages 11 thousand years ago, and hierarchically organized systems of multiple settlements working together to produce enough food during the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia seven-thousand years ago—the first urban-rural systems. As cities developed, increasing population resulted in an ever-deepening morass of urban dependency that required expansion of urban-rural systems. These urban-rural dynamics today serve as an underlying logic upon which modern capitalism is built. The culmination of two decades of research into the nature of urban-rural dynamics, City and Country argues that at the heart of the logic of capitalism is an even deeper logic: urbanization is based on urban dependency.

Author : Jaclyn Elaine Meagher
Publisher :
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 13,90 MB
Release : 2013
Category : Huari Indians
ISBN :

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The Wari civilization lasted from A.D. 600-1000, in central Peru. They conquered other cultures during their reign, and their power spread from their capital city, Huari. However, little data has been compared to study the physical treatment of their people. In this paper, the trauma studied in the bones of the Wari people were compared with age, gender, and social status, respectively. This study shows that violence was seen in both sexes, but more so in the male population. However, 25% of the female population showed trauma, indicating that females could have possibly been involved in warfare, or more likely, ritualistic violence. When studying trauma by age, the age ranges that showed that violence was more common in young and mid-adults, although most of the trauma had healed, indicating that most of the attacks were nonlethal. However, due to the large sample size of the unaged adults, it was difficult to specifically see if trauma was more present in one age than another. Lastly, when studying burial treatments, it was concluded that intermediate and ruling elites had significantly less trauma than the general population, as well as fewer diseases and malnutrition. While there was not a lot of data to use for this particular study, it does seem evident that the elites had better treatment and less experience with violent situations. While more research still needs to be conducted, this study is a good start in understanding how the Wari treated their people.

Author : G. Alan Brooks
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
Page : 363 pages
File Size : 36,82 MB
Release : 2022-06-07
Category : Fiction
ISBN : 1669819566

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This is a story of love, betrayal, adventure, and the search for a meaningful life. Billy, a young development manager at a global software company leads a carefree life until a love affair causes him to reevaluate the meaning of success. In addition to a focus on climbing the corporate ladder, Billy, and his Marine friend dedicate themselves to a challenging and dangerous undertaking. They resolve to find a vast treasure, hidden for five hundred years, while also searching for themselves. Can their advanced technical and survival skills enable them to succeed where others have failed?

Author : Susan E Bergh
Publisher : National Geographic Books
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 35,27 MB
Release : 2012-11-06
Category : Antiques & Collectibles
ISBN : 0500516561

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Featuring approximately 145 of the most sumptuous and culturally significant Wari objects from collections in the United States, Peru, and Europe, and published to accompany the first exhibition in North America of their startlingly beautiful art An eminent ancestor of the better-known Inca, the Wari ascended to power in the south-central highlands of Peru in about AD 600, underwent a brief period of incandescently explosive growth, and then, by AD 1000, collapsed. Elite arts and the ideologies that informed them were among the Wari’s most prominent exports. From their capital, one of the largest archaeological sites in South America, they sent their religion along with elaborate objects and textiles out to highland provincial centers hundreds of miles to the north and south, and down into populous Pacific coastal areas to the west. The arts were crucial to the Wari’s political, economic, and religious communications: like other ancient Andean peoples, they did not write. The objects featured here cover the full range of Wari arts: elaborate textiles, which probably were at the core of their value systems; sophisticated ceramics of various styles; exquisite personal ornaments made of gold, silver, shell, or bone and often inlaid with precious materials; carved wood containers; and other works in stone and fiber.

Author : Linda J. Seligmann
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 1496 pages
File Size : 46,83 MB
Release : 2018-11-08
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 1317220773

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This comprehensive reference offers an authoritative overview of Andean lifeways. It provides valuable historical context, and demonstrates the relevance of learning about the Andes in light of contemporary events and debates. The volume covers the ecology and pre-Columbian history of the region, and addresses key themes such as cosmology, aesthetics, gender and household relations, modes of economic production, exchange, and consumption, postcolonial legacies, identities, political organization and movements, and transnational interconnections. With over 40 essays by expert contributors that highlight the breadth and depth of Andean worlds, this is an essential resource for students and scholars alike.

Author : Judith Bluestone Polich
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 214 pages
File Size : 23,14 MB
Release : 2001-08-01
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
ISBN : 1591439264

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A personal exploration of the conjunction between ancient Mesoamerican prophesy and New Age higher consciousness. • Selected by the Independent Publisher's Book Awards as one of the top two New Age books of the year. • Explores ancient prophesies and their relevance in the contemporary world. The Incan and Mayan cultures saw themselves as “children of light”--descended from celestial realms--and their prophecies foretell a time of great spiritual awakening. They prophesied a time when the gateways to higher consciousness would open once again. That time is now. Award-winning author Judith Bluestone Polich draws on her extensive research in quantum physics, archeoastronomy, holography, cosmology, and pioneering studies of human consciousness to show how science and contemporary thought are consistent with this ancient knowledge. As the ancients predicted, the human god-seed is beginning to awaken, and modern civilization is finally beginning to perceive human potential in ways that the ancient cultures accepted as truth. Polich introduces techniques for awakening our own human potential through dreaming, meditations, and the power of sacred sites.

Author : Frank Joseph
Publisher : Red Wheel/Weiser
Page : 357 pages
File Size : 14,97 MB
Release : 2012-04-22
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
ISBN : 1601636148

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While digging out a new basement near Los Angeles, homeowners accidentally unearth a 3,000-year-old Phoenician altar.A treasure-hunter in Ohio finds more than he expected, when his metal detector locates an Eastern Mediterranean pendant from 1000 bc.Two caches of coins minted in Imperial Rome surface along the Ohio River.A Smithsonian Institution archaeologist excavating a Native American burial mound in Tennessee removes a stone emblazoned with a second century Hebrew inscription.These are just a few of the dramatic finds described in The Lost Worlds of Ancient America. They confirm that our continent was visited and influenced by visitors from Europe and the Near East hundreds, even thousands of years before its “official” discovery in 1492. As such, this startling, fresh proof of their powerful impact on the pre-Columbian New World offers us a different view of American origins that threatens to re-write mainstream textbooks.More than two dozen noted academics, researchers, and writers have contributed to this myth-shattering volume, including:Scott Wolter, a university-trained geologist, construction analysis company president, and author of The Hooked X, showcased on The History Channel;Dr. John J. White, editor emeritus of the Midwestern Epigraphic Society’s quarterly Journal;J.M. Allen, a former air-photo interpreter for Britain’s Royal Air Force;Bruce Scofield, PhD, a world-class authority on Aztec astrology;Dr. Arlan Andrews, Sr., a registered professional engineer with a 40-year career at White Sands Missile Range, AT&T Bell Labs, and the White House Science Office;Wayne May, founder and publisher of Ancient American magazine.

Author : Tiffiny A. Tung
Publisher : Bioarchaeological Interpretati
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 17,88 MB
Release : 2012-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9780813044736

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"A ground-breaking study that provides one of the best case studies we have in the bioarchaeology of violence. A must-read for anyone interested in the origin and evolution of aggression and violence in human societies."--Debra L. Martin, University of Nevada "In this exciting new work, Dr. Tung provides the first comprehensive view of life and the bodies inside ancient Peru's Wari Empire. Situating the study of archaeological human remains where bioarchaeology and the contemporary archaeology intersect, Tung focuses on the lived experience of Wari inhabitants to explore the creation of bioarchaeological narratives, the ways that bodies become material culture, and the influence of imperial control."--Christina Torres-Rouff, Colorado College The Wari Empire thrived in the Peruvian Andes between AD 600 and 1000. This study of human skeletons reveals the biological and social impact of Wari imperialism on people's lives, particularly its effects on community organization and frequency of violence of both ruling elites and subjects. The Wari state was one of the first politically centralized civilizations in the New World that expanded dramatically as a product of its economic and military might. Tiffiny Tung reveals that Wari political and military elites promoted and valorized aggressive actions, such as the abduction of men, women, and children from foreign settlements. Captive men and children were sacrificed, dismembered, and transformed into trophy heads, while non-local women received different treatment relative to the men and children. By inspecting bioarchaeological data from skeletons and ancient DNA, as well as archaeological data, Tung provides a better understanding of how the empire's practices affected human communities, particularly in terms of age/sex structure, mortuary treatment, use of violence, and ritual processes associated with power and bodies. Tiffiny A. Tung is associate professor of anthropology at Vanderbilt University.