[PDF] The Russian Ultimatum To Iran In 1911 eBook

Author : Alaedin Vahid Gharavi
Publisher :
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 31,61 MB
Release : 1998
Category :
ISBN :

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One of the obvious manifestations of Russian expansionism in Iran displayed at the dawn of the twentieth century and beginning of World War 1 was the Russian Ultimatum served to Iran. The pretext, for Russian Intervention in Iran was the appointment of the American national, Morgan Shuster, as Treasurer General by the Persian Government. His employment coincided with the failure of the deposed Mohammad Ali Shah to return to power in Iran. After Mohammad Ali Shah's defeat and his return to Russia, the Second constitutional Majlis ordained that the property of Shoa os-Saltaneh, the brother of the deposed king, should be confiscated because he had actively participated in the mobilisation of Mohammad Ali Shah's mercenary army against Iran. Upon the instruction of the Majlis, Morgan Shuster was instructed to seize the Prince's property. Russia considered this act as a breach of her interests in Iran because Shoa os-Saltaneh was indebted to the Russian Credit Bank and his property was under the bank's mortgage. Thus the seizure of the property was construed as seizure of Russian property in Iran. Following the confiscation of Shoa's property, Russia served two ultimatums to the Persian Government demanding the immediate extradition of Shuster from Iran and threatening, to send an army to capture northern Persian territories, should Iran fail to expel Shuster. This ultimatum produced various reactions in the Persian community; and the Government. Meanwhile England, increasingly alarmed at the emergence of a militant Germany, had signed the 1907 Convention with Russia on the eve of World War 1 and was desirous of consolidating her friendly ties with the Russians. As such London had assumed a conciliatory and complicit attitude towards Russian ambitions in Iran. This research aims to analyse the crucial problem of national awareness in Iran and the struggle the pioneers of Iran's independence waged against foreign powers seeking dominance over the country. It attempts to make a contribution to the literature on Iran's political history in the early twentieth century, examining the various factors contributing to the development of national sovereignty.........

Author : Mansour Bonakdarian
Publisher : Syracuse University Press
Page : 640 pages
File Size : 11,73 MB
Release : 2006-06-30
Category : History
ISBN : 9780815630425

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In this thoroughly researched account, Mansour Bonakdarian provides an in-depth exploration of the substantial British support for the Iranian constitutional and national struggle of 1906-1911, illuminating the opposition in Britain to Anglo-Russian imperialist intervention in Iran. In painstaking and compelling detail Bonakdarian analyzes, in particular, the role of the Persia Committee, a lobbying group founded in 1908 for the sole purpose of changing Britain's policy toward Iran. This book's strength lies in its coverage of how Sir Edward Grey's policy toward Iran was shaped and the extent to which this policy was affected by sustained criticism from a number of disparate groups including dissenters, radicals, socialists, liberal imperialists, and conservatives. The volume and breadth of primary archival materials used is extensive. Not only have all the standard collections been examined, such as the Foreign Office files and the Cabinet and Grey papers, but also numerous private archives in international libraries have been consulted. Bonakdarian's deep understanding of the Iranian issues yields a rich and balanced approach to the literature in the field. With clear and systematic arguments, he offers an account of diplomatic history that is accessible and persuasive. His scholarship is certain to reinvigorate dialogue on the subject of Anglo-Iranian relations.

Author : Kaveh Farrokh
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 489 pages
File Size : 17,4 MB
Release : 2011-12-20
Category : History
ISBN : 1780962401

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Following on from his award-winning book on the history of ancient Persia, Kaveh Farrokh goes on to examine Iran's wartime history from the Safavid dynasty of the 16th and 17th century through to the 1979 Revolution and beyond. He shows how the early military successes were followed by centuries of defeat as the external influences of nations like Russia and Britain began to shape the internal history of Iran, before unraveling the complex, violent 20th century military history of the country, which encompasses two world wars, regional movements, foreign intervention, anti-government revolts, conflicts on the Soviet border, a revolution and an eight-year war with Iraq. Illustrated with contemporary illustrations and photographs this book provides an unparalleled investigation into the bloody martial history of Iran.

Author : William Bayne Fisher
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 1170 pages
File Size : 37,11 MB
Release : 1968
Category : History
ISBN : 9780521200950

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Iran from 1722-1979: political, social, economic and religious aspects of Iran.

Author : William Morgan Shuster
Publisher :
Page : 504 pages
File Size : 45,73 MB
Release : 1912
Category : Eastern question (Central Asia)
ISBN :

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William Morgan Shuster (1877-1960) was an American lawyer and financial expert who served as treasurer general to the government of the Persian Empire in 1911. In 1910, the Persian government asked U.S. president William Howard Taft for technical assistance in reorganizing its financial system. Taft chose Shuster to head a mission of American experts to Tehran. The Strangling of Persia is Shuster's account of his experiences, published soon after his return to the United States. In the Anglo-Russian convention of August 31, 1907, Britain and Russia had divided Persia (present-day Iran) into a Russian sphere of influence in the north of the empire and a British sphere in the south (with additional arrangements for Afghanistan and Tibet). Each power was to have exclusive commercial rights in its sphere. Under this agreement and other arrangements, Persian customs revenues were collected to guarantee the payment of interest and principal on foreign loans. Seeking to defend the interests of the Persians, Shuster clashed repeatedly with Russian and British officials, until his mission was forced to withdraw in early 1912. The book provides a detailed account of the background to the mission, of political and financial conditions in Persia in the early 20th century, and of the rivalry among Russia, Britain, and eventually Germany for influence in the country. The narrative covers the Russian military intervention of 1911, the atrocities committed by Russian troops, and the coup and dissolution of the Majlis (parliament) carried out under Russian pressure in December 1911. The book includes numerous photographs and a map, an index, and an appendix with copies of key documents and correspondence

Author : Stephanie Cronin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 434 pages
File Size : 21,15 MB
Release : 2013
Category : History
ISBN : 0415624339

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This collection will explore the myriad encounters which have taken place between Iranians and Russian in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It will include some discussion of diplomacy and foreign policy but a central objective of the collection will be to widen the scholarly perspective to incorporate an understanding of other types of encounter, whether political, economic, social, cultural, or intellectual, and both friendly and hostile, especially as these developed beyond the official and elite levels. In particular it will attempt to understand the complexities of the impact on Iran of the Russian presence on its northern borders: the very expansion of Tsarist empire during the nineteenth century threatening Iran's independence yet bringing ideas of social-democracy to its doorstep, the Soviet Union in the twentieth century similarly contradictory in its effect, sustaining radical Iranian politics while advancing its own strategic interests.

Author : Ervand Abrahamian
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 580 pages
File Size : 30,79 MB
Release : 2021-05-11
Category : History
ISBN : 1400844096

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Emphasizing the interaction between political organizations and social forces, Ervand Abrahamian discusses Iranian society and politics during the period between the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909 and the Islamic Revolution of 1977-1979. Presented here is a study of the emergence of horizontal divisions, or socio-economic classes, in a country with strong vertical divisions based on ethnicity, religious ideology, and regional particularism. Professor Abrahamian focuses on the class and ethnic roots of the major radical movements in the modem era, particularly the constitutional movement of the 1900s, the communist Tudeh party of the 1940s, the nationalist struggle of the early 1950s, and the Islamic upsurgence of the 1970s. In this examination of the social bases of Iranian politics, Professor Abrahamian draws on archives of the British Foreign Office and India Office that have only recently been opened; newspaper, memoirs, and biographies published in Tehran between 1906 and 1980; proceedings of the Iranian Majles and Senate; interviews with retired and active politicians; and pamphlets, books, and periodicals distributed by exiled groups in Europe and North America in the period between 1953 and 1980. Professor Abrahamian explores the impact of socio-economic change on the political structure, especially under the reigns of Reza Shah and Muhammad Reza Shah, and throws fresh light on the significance of the Tudeh party and the failure of the Shah's regime from 1953 to 1978.

Author : Homa Katouzian
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 32,13 MB
Release : 2013
Category : History
ISBN : 0415636892

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This book offers a view of Iran through politics, history and literature, showing how the three angles combine. Iran, being a revolutionary society, experienced two great revolutions within the short span of just seventy years, from the 1900s to the 1970s. Both were massive revolts of the society against the state; the main objective of the first being to establish lawful government to make modernisation possible, and the second, to overthrow the absolute and arbitrary state, though this time mainly under the banner of religion and Marxism-Leninism and anti-Westernism. Neither of them succeeded in their lofty ideals for reasons that are explained and analysed within. The author also offers a detailed description of Iran’s short-term society, examining the political and intellectual lives of two of the most remarkable intellectuals-cum-politicians of the twentieth century. This book provides an overview of modern Persian literature, both poetry and prose, and discusses the works of three of the most remarkable Persian poets and writers of the period. It considers classical Persian literature through the great variety of its form and substance, and neo-classical literary developments in the nineteenth century, covering the whole history of Persian literature. This is crowned in the last chapter by the love poetry of one of the greatest Persian poets. Iran will be of interest to students and scholars of Iranian studies and Middle East Politics.

Author : Malcolm Yapp
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 399 pages
File Size : 13,56 MB
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : History
ISBN : 1317871065

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This clear, and authoritative text surveys the history of the region from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire to the present day. It contains a general regional introduction, followed by a series of country-by-country analyses, and a section which places the Near East in the international context. Professor Yapp' s new edition covers recent dramatic events including the end of the Cold War, the Kuwait Crisis of 1990/91, and the continuing conflict in Israel, as well as assessing the huge social and economic changes in the region. It will be essential reading for students and scholars concerned with modern middle eastern history and politics of the middle east.