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This work details the preparation of dispersions in liquids. It sets out to bridge the gap in information for the chemist who is not applications oriented and the chemical engineer who needs to solve problems in the field based on theoretical methods of dispersions of solids, liquids and gases. Insights are provided into many topics, including the transportation and handling of finely divided soils or highly viscous liquids; the reactions between reactants dissolved in immiscible phases; the formation of porous materials; and filtration.
Teaching the fundamental knowledge required for successful dispersion of powders in a liquid, this book covers a host of topics -- from recent advances to industrial applications. In 15 chapters it supports formulation chemists in preparing a suspension in a more rational way, by applying the principles of colloid and interface science, while at the same time enabling the research scientist to discover new methods for preparing stable suspensions. Essential reading for those working in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, paint, ceramic and agricultural industries.
Characterization of Liquids, Dispersions, Emulsions and Porous Materials Using Ultrasound, Third Edition, presents a scientific background for novel methods of characterizing homogeneous and heterogeneous liquids (dispersions, emulsions, and gels) as well as porous materials. Homogeneous liquids are characterized in rheological terms, whereas particle-size distribution and zeta potential are parameters of heterogeneous liquids. For porous materials, porosity, pore size, and zeta potential are output characteristics. These methods are based on ultrasound, which opens an opportunity for simplifying the sample preparation by eliminating dilution. This in turn, makes measurements faster, easier, precise, suitable for accurate quality control, PAT, and formulation of complex systems. This book provides theoretical background of acoustics, rheology, colloid science, electrochemistry, and other relevant scientific fields, describing principles of existing instrumentation and, in particular, commercially available instruments. Finally, the book features an extensive list of existing applications. Presents a theoretical multi-disciplinary background of several new ultrasound analytical techniques in one place Validates the theoretical basis of several new analytical techniques Compares the efficiency and applications of various ultrasound techniques Lists many ultrasound applications in colloid chemistry Contains an extensive bibliography on this multidisciplinary topic
Solid-liquid dispersions, also known as suspensions, are widely used in industry. Both aqueous and non-aqueous suspensions are used in paints, dyestuffs, inks, cosmetics, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. More recently, non-aqueous dispersions of magnetic oxides have attracted considerable attention as a result of their applications in the electronics industry. FROM THE PREFACE: Solid/liquid dispersions, both of the aqueous and nonaqueous type, find applications in many industrial preparations, of which the following may be worth mentioning: paints, dye stuffs, pigments, paper coatings, printing inks, cosmetics, ceramics, pharmaceuticals and pesticides. More recently nonaqueous dispersions of magnetic oxides have attracted considerable attention because of their applications in the electronic industry. The control of the properties of such systems is crucial both in their preparation, their long-term stability and in their subsequent application. Some of the parameters which control such properties are: particle size and shape distribution, interparticle interaction forces, and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Understanding the basic principles involved in the preparation of solid/liquid dispersions and control of the interparticle interacting forces is, therefore, crucial both from a fundamental and applied point of view. Owing to the widespread use of solid/liquid dispersions in many industrial applications, a residential school was held at Bristol University during 1986 to fulfil some of the above requirements. The scientific content of the course was organized by he Editor and the residential school was sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry of Great Britain. This residential school was held to lay the basis of understanding of the colloid and interface science phenomena involved in the preparation of solid/liquid dispersions, their stabilization and destabilization and control of their bulk properties. The lecture contents were planned to cover a wide range of topics and these form the basis of the present book, which would be useful to graduate, research and industrial chemists. The book starts with an Introductory Chapter giving an outline of the contents of the book and the various themes that are covered. Chapter 2 deals with the preparation of solid/liquid dispersions with some emphais on the stabilization of such dispersions. Both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersions are discussed and the two main procedures used, namely condensation and dispersion methods, are described. This is followed by two chapters (3 and 4) on the structure of the solid/liquid interface and the electrical double layer and stability of dispersions in which double layer repulsion and van der Waals attraction are the main contributions. A section is also devoted in Chapter 4 on the kinetic aspects of coagulation and the expermimental methods used for determination of stability. Chapters 5 and 6 deal with the adsorption of surfactants and macromolecules, which are key factors in understanding how dispersions can be stabilized or flocculated by such molecules. With polymers, particular attention was given to the conformation of the molecule at the solid/liquid interface. The stability of solid/liquid dispersions in the presence of polymers (usually referred to as steric stabilization) is described in Chapter 7. This is then followed by a chapter on flocculation by polymers and polyelectrolytes (Chapter 8). The properties of concentrated dispersions, in particular their structure, are given in Chapter 9, in which an attempt is also made to relate the microscopic to the macroscopic properties. Chapter 10 deals with the rheology of colloid dispersions and the experimental techniques used for measurement of the viscoelastic properties. The following chapter (11) deals with settling of suspensions and prevention of formation of dilatant sediments. The theories of settling of dilute and concentrated suspensions are described and this is followed by the various procedures used for prevention of formation of dilatant sediments. Chapter 12 deals with a specific topic, namely the application of spectroscopic pKa probes for the determination of interfacial electrostatic potential. The last Chapter (13) deals with the practical methods that may be applied for assessment of the properties of suspension. Thus, the book, which has been produced as a result of the residual school on solid/liquid dispersions, is by no means a comprehensive text on the subject. The topics have been carefully chosen to cover the basic principles involved in the preparation of solid/liquid dispersions and the control of their properties. The book should, therefore, provide a useful text for readers involved with solid/liquid dispersions and their applications. Several useful references are given which should be consulted for more detailed information. would like to thank all the contributors for their care and cooperation in preparing the various chapters, which made my editing job fairly easy. I would like to thank the Royal Society of Chemistry, in particular Miss Lorraine Hart for organizing ghe adminstrative side of the Course and her help during the residential school. I would also like to thank Bristol University for hosting the residential school, and Mrs. Jean Proctor (Bristol University) and Mrs. Irene Gallacher (ICI) for their help in the organization of the residential school at Bristol. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my wife and children for coping with me during several weekends to write my contributions and editing the text. From the Reviews: "...Each chapter is written by a well known authority in the field and the exposition of the subject matter is particularly clear....It is a pleasure to see a book so well written and produced and I am sure that it will be an invaluable addition to the reading lists for graduate, research and industral chemists." P.A. Sewell --CHEMISTRY IN BRITAIN
Polymer Latices, Second Edition is a comprehensive update of the previous edition, High Polymer Latices, taking into account the many developments since it was first published in 1966. It is the only publication to provide such an outstanding and extensive review of latex science and technology, from background theory and principles, to modern day applications. It will prove an invaluable reference source for all those working in the area of latex science and technology, such as colloid chemists, polymer scientists, and materials processors.
This volume offers a comprehensive guide on the theory and practice of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) for handling challenges associated with poorly soluble drugs. In twenty-three inclusive chapters, the book examines thermodynamics and kinetics of the amorphous state and amorphous solid dispersions, ASD technologies, excipients for stabilizing amorphous solid dispersions such as polymers, and ASD manufacturing technologies, including spray drying, hot melt extrusion, fluid bed layering and solvent-controlled micro-precipitation technology (MBP). Each technology is illustrated by specific case studies. In addition, dedicated sections cover analytical tools and technologies for characterization of amorphous solid dispersions, the prediction of long-term stability, and the development of suitable dissolution methods and regulatory aspects. The book also highlights future technologies on the horizon, such as supercritical fluid processing, mesoporous silica, KinetiSol®, and the use of non-salt-forming organic acids and amino acids for the stabilization of amorphous systems. Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Theory and Practice is a valuable reference to pharmaceutical scientists interested in developing bioavailable and therapeutically effective formulations of poorly soluble molecules in order to advance these technologies and develop better medicines for the future.
Characteristically, surfactants in aqueous solution adsorb at interfaces and form aggregates (micelles of various shapes and sizes, microemulsion droplets, and lyotropic liquid crystalline phases). This book is about the behaviour of surfactants in solution, at interfaces, and in colloidal dispersions. Adsorption at liquid/fluid and solid/liquid interfaces, and ways of characterizing the adsorbed surfactant films, are explained. Surfactant aggregation in systems containing only an aqueous phase and in systems with comparable volumes of water and nonpolar oil are each considered. In the latter case, the surfactant distribution between oil and water and the behaviour of the resulting Winsor systems are central to surfactant science and to an understanding of the formation of emulsions and microemulsions. Surfactant layers on particle or droplet surfaces can confer stability on dispersions including emulsions, foams, and particulate dispersions. The stability is dependent on the surface forces between droplet or particle surfaces and the way in which they change with particle separation. Surface forces are also implicated in wetting processes and thin liquid film formation and stability. The rheology of adsorbed films on liquids and of bulk colloidal dispersions is covered in two chapters. Like surfactant molecules, small solid particles can adsorb at liquid/fluid interfaces and the final two chapters focus on particle adsorption, the behaviour of adsorbed particle films and the stabilization of Pickering emulsions.--Provided by publisher.
'The overall book content is excellently coordinated to form a synchronised story, interesting to a broad scientific audience … The book summarises the present knowledge in the field, introduces fundamental concepts to the beginners, describes key measuring methods and presents several different typical demonstrative systems, some of them exhibiting an extraordinary rich spectrum of structures and superstructures. I am sure that with time the book will become an attractor to a broad audience (physicists, chemists, material scientists, engineers, etc.), ranging from students, beginners in the field to experienced researchers. To summarise, this is the book that I have been missing on my bookshelf.'Liquid Crystals TodayWhile liquid crystals are today widely known for their successful application in flat panel displays (LCDs), academic liquid crystal research is more and more targeting situations where these anisotropic fluids are put to completely different use, in varying contexts. A particularly strong focus is on colloidal liquid crystals, where particles, bubbles or drops are dispersed in a liquid crystal phase. The liquid crystal can act as a host phase, with the inclusions constituting foreign guests that disturb the local order in interesting ways, often resulting in large-scale positional arrangement and/or uniform alignment of the guests. But it may also be formed by solid particles themselves, if these are of nanoscale dimensions and of disc- or rod-shape, and if they are suspended in an isotropic liquid host at sufficient concentration.This book aims to cover both the modern research tracks, gathering pioneering researchers of the different subfields to give a concise overview of the basis as well as the prospects of their respective specialties. The scope spans from curiosity-driven fundamental scientific research to applied sciences. Over the course of the next decade, the former is likely to generate new tracks of the latter type, considering the exploratory and productive phase of this young research field.
Since their first application in the improvement of solubility of orally delivered drugs, applications of solid dispersions have considerably expanded to include cancer, infections, and inflammatory conditions. This book presents recent advancements in the development and use of solid dispersions for different therapeutic applications. This book can be particularly useful for researchers as well as postgraduate students in formulation sciences and drug delivery. Undergraduate students will also find elements of this book very relevant to scientific fundamentals such as solubility and crystallization of amorphous materials as well as drug delivery challenges.
This book provides powder technologists with laboratory procedures for selecting dispersing agents and preparing stable dispersions that can then be used in particle size characterization instruments. Its broader goal is to introduce industrial chemists and engineers to the phenomena, terminology, physical principles, and chemical considerations involved in preparing and handling dispersions on a commercial scale. The book introduces novices to: - industrial problems due to improper degree of dispersion; - the nomenclature used in describing particles; - the basic physical phenomena, equations, and chemistry involved in particle interactions; - the analytical techniques used for evaluating solid-liquid interfaces - textbooks, courses, societies, and vendors that can provide an advanced understanding of dispersion phenomena. The book provides resources for more experienced technologists by: - discussing characteristics and applications of the various chemical classes of surfactants; - providing procedures for selecting and optimizing a dispersant for a specific solid-liquid system and end-use constraints; - naming typical commercial surfactants and listing the addresses and telephone numbers of their manufacturers; - illustrating the many physical and chemical equilibria that must be considered in modelling a dispersion and guiding the reader to the sources of both data and advanced theoretical treatments required to implement such models. The author has for several years been a consultant in the field of slurry technology, obtaining information, materials, equipment, and expert advice required to solve slurry problems. He also teaches slurry technology and powder dispersion courses to students who are either engineers recently graduated from college or managers recently transferred to plants that handle slurries. His expertise gives the book a wide appeal: as virtually every manufacturing process involves dispersions of powders in liquids, it is of interest to chemists and chemical engineers in industry; the concise definitions, descriptions and examples make it an ideal reference text for teachers and students.