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A revolutionary figure throughout his career, Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s work provides a distinctly revolutionary lens through which the Victorian period can be viewed. Suggesting that Rossetti’s work should be approached through his poetry, Brian Donnelly argues that it is both inscribed by and inscribes the development of verbal as well as visual culture in the Victorian era. In his discussions of modernity, aestheticism, and material culture, he identifies Rossetti as a central figure who helped define the terms through which we approach the cultural productions of this period. Donnelly begins by articulating a method for reading Rossetti’s poetry that highlights the intertextual relations within and between the poetry and paintings. His interpretations of such poems as the 'Mary’s Girlhood' sonnets, the sonnet sequence The House of Life, and 'The Orchard-Pit' in relationship to paintings such as The Girlhood of Mary Virgin and Ecce Ancilla Domini! shed light on Victorian ideals of femininity, on consumer culture, and on the role of gender hierarchies in Victorian culture. Situating Rossetti’s poetry as the key to all of his work, Donnelly also makes a case for its centrality in its representation of the dominant discourses of the late Victorian period: faith, sex, consumption, death, and the nature of representation itself.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet, illustrator, painter and translator, founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais. Rossetti was later to be the main inspiration for a second generation of artists and writers influenced by the movement, most notably William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. His work also influenced the European Symbolists and was a major precursor of the Aesthetic movement. Rossetti's art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism. His early poetry was influenced by John Keats. His later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling, especially in his sonnet sequence, The House of Life. Poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossetti's work. He frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures, spanning from The Girlhood of Mary Virgin (1849) and Astarte Syriaca (1877), while also creating art to illustrate poems such as "Goblin Market" by the celebrated poet Christina Rossetti, his sister.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti was born on May 12th 1828 in London, England. The young Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti was the son of emigre Italian scholar Gabriele Pasquale Giuseppe Rossetti and his wife Frances Polidori. To family and friends he was Gabriel, but in print he put the name Dante first (in honour of Dante Alighieri). It was an artistic family of siblings; he was the brother of famed poet Christina Rossetti, critic William Michael Rossetti, and author Maria Francesca Rossetti. During his early years Rossetti was home educated and spent hours immersed reading the Bible, Shakespeare, Dickens, Scott and Byron. As a youth he was described as "self-possessed, articulate, passionate and charismatic" but also "ardent, poetic and feckless." He attended King's College School. Like his siblings he most wished to be a poet but had a keen eye as a painter, having shown a great interest in Medieval Italian art. His education continued at Henry Sass's Drawing Academy from 1841 to 1845 and he then enrolled at the Antique School of the Royal Academy, until 1848. After leaving the Royal Academy, Rossetti studied under Ford Madox Brown, with whom he remained close throughout his life. Following the exhibition of William Holman Hunt's painting The Eve of St. Agnes, Rossetti sought out Hunt's friendship. The painting based on the poem by Keats and Rossetti's own poem, "The Blessed Damozel," was an imitation of Keats, and he believed Hunt might therefore share his artistic and literary ideals. He did. Together they developed and founded the philosophy of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood together with John Everett Millais. They had high ideals; to reform English art by rejecting the mechanistic approach first adopted by the Mannerists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo and the formal training introduced by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Rossetti was always drawn to the medieval side of the movement, eagerly translating Dante and other medieval Italian poets, as well as adopting the stylistic characteristics of the early Italians. He frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures, spanning from The Girlhood of Mary Virgin (1849) and Astarte Syriaca (1877), while also creating art to illustrate poems such as "Goblin Market" by his sister. In 1869, William Morris and Rossetti rented a country house, Kelmscott Manor at Kelmscott, Oxfordshire, as a summer home, but it also became a retreat for Rossetti and Jane Morris to have a long-lasting and complicated liaison. Their eroticism and sensuality caused offence. One poem, "Nuptial Sleep," described a couple falling asleep after sex. It was part of Rossetti's sonnet sequence The House of Life, a complex series of poems tracing the physical and spiritual development of an intimate relationship. In 1874, William Morris re-organised his decorative arts firm, cutting Rossetti out of the business. On Easter Sunday, April 9th, 1882, he died at the country house of a friend, where he had gone in a vain attempt to recover his health, which had been destroyed by chloral. He had been suffering from alcohol psychosis for some time brought on by the excessive whisky consumption used to drown out the very bitter taste of the chloral hydrate. He is buried at Birchington-on-Sea, Kent, England.
For critics like John Ruskin and Walter Pater, Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1892) was one of the great creative figures of the day, a painter and a poet of major stature. Yeats and the young Pound regarded him as an exemplary figure of solitary dedication to art and beauty. He called the sonnet 'a moment's monument', and his best short lyrics are instants of oppressed emotion cut free of time. In this, as in the suggestiveness of his imagery, he anticipates the French Symbolists. He can also be regarded as the founder of modern verse translation, not only for the freshness of his versions but also for his choice of poets---Villon, Cavalcanti and the young Dante. In this selection, Clive Wilmer has made a personal choice, emphasizing the 'pure poetry' of the lyrics at the expense of the more conventionally Victorian monologues and narratives. He has also included a generous selection from the translations, and provided a biographical and critical introduction.