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Until recently the role of women's social status in determining their children's nutritional health went largely unnoticed. That is, until researchers began to ponder the Asian Enigma- the question of why malnutrition is much more prevalent among children in South Asia than in Sub-Saharan Africa, even though South Asia surpasses Sub-Saharan Africa in most of the principal determinants of child nutrition. This report uses data from 36 countries in three developing regions to establish empirically that women's status, defined as women's power relative to men's, is an important determinant of children's nutritional status. It finds that the pathways through which status influences child nutrition and the strength of that influence differ considerably from one region to another. Where women's status is low, this research proves unequivocally that policies to eradicate gender discrimination not only benefit women but also their children.
Many development programs that aim to alleviate poverty and improve investments in human capital consider womens empowerment a key pathway by which to achieve impact and often target women as their main beneficiaries. Despite this, womens empowerment dimensions are often not rigorously measured and are at times merely assumed. This paper starts by reflecting on the concept and measurement of womens empowerment and then reviews some of the structural interventions that aim to influence underlying gender norms in society and eradicate gender discrimination. It then proceeds to review the evidence of the impact of three types of interventionscash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programson womens empowerment, nutrition, or both. Qualitative evidence on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs generally points to positive impacts on womens empowerment, although quantitative research findings are more heterogenous. CCT programs produce mixed results on long-term nutritional status, and very limited evidence exists of their impacts on micronutrient status. The little evidence available on unconditional cash transters (UCT) indicates mixed impacts on womens empowerment and positive impacts on nutrition; however, recent reviews comparing CCT and UCT programs have found little difference in terms of their effects on stunting and they have found that conditionality is less important than other factors, such as access to healthcare and child age and sex. Evidence of cash transfer program impacts depending on the gender of the transfer recipient or on the conditionality is also mixed, although CCTs with non-health conditionalities seem to have negative impacts on nutritional status. The impacts of programs based on the gender of the transfer recipient show mixed results, but almost no experimental evidence exists of testing gender-differentiated impacts of a single program. Agricultural interventionsspecifically home gardening and dairy projectsshow mixed impacts on womens empowerment measures such as time, workload, and control over income; but they demonstrate very little impact on nutrition. Implementation modalities are shown to determine differential impacts in terms of empowerment and nutrition outcomes. With regard to the impact of microfinance on womens empowerment, evidence is also mixed, although more recent reviews do not find any impact on womens empowerment. The impact of microfinance on nutritional status is mixed, with no evidence of impact on micronutrient status. Across all three types of programs (cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs), very little evidence exists on pathways of impact, and evidence is often biased toward a particular region. The paper ends with a discussion of the findings and remaining evidence gaps and an outline of recommendations for research.
Well improved health care and child nutrition is a manifestation for any country to escape from poverty. In most developing countries like Ethiopia children suffer from the burden of malnutrition. Numerous of studies in recent years have focused attention on the determinants of child nutrition in the developing countries. In the Ethiopian case, Studies show that almost half of the children are either stunted or underweight. This paper contributed to this concern by filling a noticeable gap. Principally this paper examines the role of women's status on children's nutrition security in Ethiopia using the EDHS 2011 survey. The paper employs both descriptive and Econometrics tools (both bivariate and Multivariate techniques) to show the interrelation ship among different women's status indicator variables including other socio economic variables on child nutrition. The study found that women's education, decision making role of women, women's attitude towards domestic violence and child age as a significant factor for child nutrition. The study also found that wealth index of households, availability of toilet and sanitation services as determining factor for child nutrition.
Although the percentage of children who are malnourishes has declined in many countries of the developing world in recent years, the absolute number of malnourished children is rising in some regions, particulary in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper aims to determine which of the various causes of mal nutrition are most important for the developing countries as a whole and by region, thus enabling policymakers to prioritize their investments and make the besy use of available resources to reduce malnutrition now and in coming years.
Based on a review of the literature, examines the gender division of labour and access to resources and benefits in smallholder livestock production systems and investigates the impact of livestock ownership and technology use on child nutrition. Presents two case studies which show how gender concerns are included in research to improve smallholder livestock systems.
One in three preschool children in developing countries is undernourished. Consequently, they are likely to have impaired immune systems, poor cognitive development, low productivity as adults, and susceptibility to diet-related chronic diseases such as hypertension and coronary heart disease later in life. Undernourished female preschoolers are likely to grow into undernourished young women who are more likely to give birth to babies who are undernourished even before they are born, thus perpetuating the intergenerational transmission of deprivation. This report sheds light on some of the main causes of child malnutrition, projects how many children are likely to be malnourished in the year 2020 given current trends, and identifies priority actions for reducing malnutrition most quickly in the coming decades.
Besides economic growth, the development also encompasses human, social, political and technological progress. In fact, women are a great human resource and their role in society is crucial for its socio-economic development. However, the women as yet comprise only a small percentage of the scientific and academic community. Given proper own space, women can play an important role in the scientific, technical and social development of the country. In this context, women's health is of crucial importance, which is greatly affected by the ways in which they are treated and the status they are given in the society as a whole. Women's health refers to the specific issues pertaining to the human female anatomy. In this concern, the nutritional status of woman in the developing countries is causing concern which affects the health of the children too. The gender discrimination, particularly in the developing countries, leaves women vulnerable to disease and death. Thus there is an immense need to critically examine the healthcare risks facing women, specifically of child bearing age, in developing countries. In this context, to understand the current status of women's healthcare and nutrition and related traditions and policies, and to identify the areas of weaknesses, stumbling blocks and challenges in providing adequate healthcare nutrition to women, a 3-day International Conference on 'Empowering Women in Developing Countries through better Healthcare and Nutrition' was organized by the Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries (NAM S&T Centre) on 22-24 April 2010 jointly with the Women Studies and Societal Development Unit of the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani (Rajasthan), India, with the support of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), at the BITS Campus. The present publication is an outcome of this International Workshop and reflects the views and experiences of scholars and policy makers deliberated during this Conference and includes contributions on the present perspective of empowering women in developing countries through better healthcare and nutrition. The publication will serve as a valuable reference material for policy makers, the scientific community and the public at large, particularly in the developing countries, and help in evolving better strategies to give rightful place to women in socio-economic development.