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For policymakers, the need now is to get inside the 'black box' of poverty reduction - the assumption that growth, combined with demographic or political change, will lead somehow to reduced poverty. Rather than poverty policy focusing on getting the headcount ratio down as rapidly as possible, it should zero in on the context specifics of removing the barriers to upward mobility for chronically poor people, reducing the risks of destitution for the already poor and preventing downward mobility into persistent poverty for the near-poor. This involves a different approach to designing policy and new poverty analytics. The evidence suggests that policy in developing countries has begun to generate disaggregated responses, though not in terms of poverty dynamics - perhaps because the poverty analytics need to develop alongside this.
Based on a decade of research by the Chronic Poverty Research Centre, this volume includes material on inter-generational transmission, the importance of assets and vulnerability, and conflict, and new thinking about the close relationship between social exclusion and adverse incorporation.
HIV/AIDS is both a cause and a symptom of chronic poverty and requires new and innovative policy instruments and institutional structures to address its impacts. Focusing specifically on orphans, vulnerable children and the elderly, this paper explores the appropriateness of different social protection mechanisms for supporting households living with HIV/AIDS and suggests what roles are appropriate for different institutions -- from households and communities to governments and donors -- for tackling chronic poverty among people living with HIV/AIDS.
What are the underlying causes of chronic poverty? Can ‘development beyond neoliberalism’ offer the strategies required to challenge such persistent forms of poverty, particularly through efforts to promote citizenship amongst poor people? Drawing on case-study evidence from Africa, Latin America and South Asia, the contributions critically examine different attempts to ‘govern’ chronic poverty via the promotion of particular forms and notions of citizenship, with a specific focus on the role of community-based approaches, social policy and social movements. Poverty is seen here as deriving from underlying patterns of uneven development, involving processes of capitalism and state formation that foster inequality-generating mechanisms and particularly disadvantaged social categories. Sceptics tend to deride the emphasis under current ‘inclusive’ forms of Liberalism on tackling poverty through the promotion of citizenship as inevitably depoliticising and disempowering for poor people, and our cases do suggest that citizenship-based strategies rarely alter the underlying basis of poverty. However, our evidence also offers some support to those optimists who suggest that progressive moves towards poverty reduction and citizenship formation have become more rather than less likely at the current juncture. The promotion of citizenship emerges here as a significant but incomplete effort to challenge poverty that persists over time. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Development Studies.
HIV/AIDS is both a cause and a symptom of chronic poverty and requires new and innovative policy instruments and institutional structures to address its impacts. Focusing specifically on orphans, vulnerable children and the elderly, this paper explores the appropriateness of different social protection mechanisms for supporting households living with HIV/AIDS and suggests what roles are appropriate for different institutions - from households and communities to governments and donors - for tackling chronic poverty among people living with HIV/AIDS.
The Chronic Poverty Advisory Network (CPAN) is committed to producing a portfolio of sector and thematic policy guides to show how policy makers and programme designers can use evidence about chronic poverty and poverty dynamics in designing policies and programmes which will: help address the causes of chronic poverty; assist poor households escape poverty; prevent impoverishment. This particular policy guide aims to steer educational policymakers and practitioners through recent evidence about the relationship between education and chronic poverty. Specifically, it draws out practical lessons about the related issues of what works to educate the chronically poor, and about where and how chronic poverty is successfully being tackled through education. The Guide does not undertake a general overview of developments in policy, practice or thinking about education: instead, it focuses on the point at which the concerns of education and chronic poverty policy and practice successfully meet, and where the evidence exists to understand why and how they do so. Education policymakers and practitioners here, means not only government departments and agencies, but also private sector and NGO programme designers and implementers. It is also intended to support the work of organisations representing poor people and social movements for poverty eradication through improved education. The Guide is organized into four parts. the first looks at the intersections between chronic poverty and education, the second looks at what has been learned about how to make schools more pro-poor, the third addresses what methods successfully enable young people living in poverty to progress through education systems into the adult worlds of work and citizenship. The fourth and final section looks at some of the transformations that education policies and practices can help deliver in the lives of poor children.
As the main focus of poverty reduction activity in poor countries, the PRSP approach has the potential to make a major difference to chronic poverty. This paper examines the ways in which PRSPs treat chronic poverty and their potential to make significant impacts on it.Many recent reviews have sought to assess how well PRSPs tackle certain themes, such as, HIV/AIDS, gender, child wellbeing, rural development and forestry. This paper does notattempt to do the same for chronic poverty - firstly, chronic poverty is too broad - almost all aspects of a PRS affect it. Secondly, a desk study cannot illuminate the all-important questions of implementation; only locally-informed analysis can do so. Instead this paper has two purposes: to summarise what can be gleaned from a desk study with regard to the treatment of chronic poverty in PRSPs, focusing in particular on poverty analysis and monitoring; and key areas of policy and action likely to impact on chronic poverty; and to contribute to defining the agenda for the Chronic Poverty Research Centre's forthcoming primary research on how far PRSPs are contributing to reducing chronic poverty. This will focus largely on questions related to implementation and how it can more effectively reduce chronic poverty.Our focus in this paper was to obtain a good overview of how chronic poverty is treated in a range of PRSPs, rather than undertake in-depth analyses of particular contexts; this will be done in the primary research.
Over the last five years, in an era of unprecedented global wealth creation, the number of people living in chronic poverty has increased. Between 320 and 443 million people are now trapped in poverty that lasts for many years, often for their entire lifetime. Their children frequently inherit chronic poverty, if they survive infancy. Many chronically poor people die prematurely from easily preventable health problems. For the chronically poor, poverty is not simply about having a very low income: it is about multidimensional deprivation - hunger, undernutrition, illiteracy, unsafe drinking water, lack of access to basic health services, social discrimination, physical insecurity and political exclusion. Whichever way one frames the problem of chronic poverty - as human suffering, as vulnerability, as a basic needs failure, as the abrogation of human rights, as degraded citizenship - one thing is clear. Widespread chronic poverty occurs in a world that has the knowledge and resources to eradicate it. This report argues that tackling chronic poverty is the global priority for our generation. There are robust ethical grounds for arguing that chronically poor people merit the greatest international, national and personal attention and effort. Tackling chronic poverty is vital if our world is to achieve an acceptable level of justice and fairness. There are also strong pragmatic reasons for doing so. Addressing chronic poverty sooner rather than later will achieve much greater results at a dramatically lower cost. More broadly, reducing chronic poverty provides global public benefits, in terms of political and economic stability and public health. The chronically poor are not a distinct group. Most of them are 'working poor', with a minority unable to engage in labour markets. They include people who are discriminated against; socially marginalised people; members of ethnic, religious, indigenous, nomadic and caste groups; migrants and bonded labourers; refugees and internal displacees; disabled people; those with ill health; and the young and old. In many contexts, poor women and girls are the most likely to experience lifelong poverty. Despite this heterogeneity, we can identify five main traps that underpin chronic poverty.
Author : Ann Harrison Publisher : University of Chicago Press Page : 674 pages File Size : 22,67 MB Release : 2007-11-01 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 0226318001
Over the past two decades, the percentage of the world’s population living on less than a dollar a day has been cut in half. How much of that improvement is because of—or in spite of—globalization? While anti-globalization activists mount loud critiques and the media report breathlessly on globalization’s perils and promises, economists have largely remained silent, in part because of an entrenched institutional divide between those who study poverty and those who study trade and finance. Globalization and Poverty bridges that gap, bringing together experts on both international trade and poverty to provide a detailed view of the effects of globalization on the poor in developing nations, answering such questions as: Do lower import tariffs improve the lives of the poor? Has increased financial integration led to more or less poverty? How have the poor fared during various currency crises? Does food aid hurt or help the poor? Poverty, the contributors show here, has been used as a popular and convenient catchphrase by parties on both sides of the globalization debate to further their respective arguments. Globalization and Poverty provides the more nuanced understanding necessary to move that debate beyond the slogans.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 583 pages File Size : 14,87 MB Release : 2017-04-27 Category : Medical ISBN : 0309452961
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.