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Author : Hee Won Suh
Publisher :
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 45,80 MB
Release : 2015
Category :
ISBN :
Author : Hyung Yoon
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 46,47 MB
Release : 2020-09-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 3030540774
This book presents Pd- and Ni-catalyzed transformations generating functionalized heterocycles. Transition metal catalysis is at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry since it offers new and powerful methods to forge carbon–carbon bonds in high atom- and step-economy. In Chapter 1, the author describes a Pd- and Ni-catalyzed cycloisomerization of aryl iodides to alkyl iodides, known as carboiodination. In the context of the Pd-catalyzed variant, the chapter explores the production of enantioenriched carboxamides through diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed carboiodination. It then discusses Ni-catalyzed reactions to generate oxindoles and an enantioselective variant employing a dual ligand system. Chapter 2 introduces readers to a Pd-catalyzed diastereoselective anion-capture cascade. It also examines diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed aryl cyanation to synthesize alkyl nitriles, a method that generates high yields of borylated chromans as a single diastereomer, and highlights its synthetic utility. Lastly, Chapter 3 presents a Pd-catalyzed domino process harnessing carbopalladation, C–H activation and π-system insertion (benzynes and alkynes) to generate spirocycles. It also describes the mechanistic studies performed on these reactions.
Author : Jevgenijs Tjutrins
Publisher :
Page : pages
File Size : 19,68 MB
Release : 2017
Category :
ISBN :
"This thesis describes the development of new palladium and nickel catalyzed carbonylation reactions to efficiently and rapidly generate products with minimal waste. These reactions can be carried out using commercially and/or readily available starting materials, including imines, acid chlorides, aryl iodides, alkynes, alkenes and carbon monoxide. In chapter 2, we describe a palladium catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of polysubstituted imidazoles. This transformation involves a tandem catalytic process, where a single palladium catalyst mediates both the carbonylation of aryl halides to form acid chlorides, as well as cyclocarbonylation of a-chloroamides, to generate 1,3-dipoles. Finally, a regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with electron poor imines furnishes tetra-substituted imidazoles. Overall this provides a route to prepare imidazoles from five readily available building blocks: two electronically distinct imines, aryl halides and two molecules of CO. In chapter 3, we describe a nickel catalyzed approach to synthesize of isoindolinones via the carbonylation of aryl iodides in the presence of imines. In this, the nickel catalyzed in situ generation of acid chlorides via aryl halide carbonylation allows the formation of a chloroamides, which in turn undergo an intramolecular cyclization to form isoindolinones. This reaction offers an efficient alternative to traditional syntheses of isoindolinones, which often require the initial assembly of the appropriate aryl-tethered precursors for cyclization. In chapter 4, we describe the development of a palladium catalyzed, electrophilic approach to the carbonylative C-H bond functionalization of a range of heterocycles. Mechanistic studies show that the Pd/PtBu3 catalyst can mediate the in situ formation of highly electrophilic aroyl iodide intermediates, which react with heterocycles forming aryl-(hetero)aryl ketones. This provides a general methodology to construct ketones from aryl iodides and electron rich heterocycles without the need to prefunctionalize the heterocycle, install directing groups, or exploit high energy starting materials (e.g. acid chlorides). Chapter 5 describes mechanistic studies on the palladium catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of 1,3-oxazolium-5-olates (Münchnones). Previous work in our laboratory has shown that Münchnones can be generated via the palladium catalyzed multicomponent coupling of acid chlorides, imines and CO. In order to better understand this reaction, we synthesized and characterized key reactive intermediates, studied stoichiometric model reactions, and performed kinetic studies on catalytic reaction. These allowed the elucidation of the role of the catalyst structure, rate determining steps, as well as the importance of off cycle steps in this transformation. In chapter 6, we show how the mechanistic insights laid out in the previous chapter can be applied to create a highly active catalytic system for synthesis of 1,3-oxazolium-5-olates. By employing a sterically encumbered pyrrole-based phosphine ligand, which can be more easily displaced by carbon monoxide for carbonylation, we have created a catalyst that is more than ten times more active that previous systems for this reaction. When coupled with alkyne cycloaddition, this offers a broadly generalizable route to form polysubstituted pyrroles from simple imines, acid chlorides and alkynes. This approach has been applied to the multicomponent synthesis of Atorvastatin (i.e., Lipitor). " --
Author : Sensuke Ogoshi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 16,87 MB
Release : 2020-03-09
Category : Science
ISBN : 3527344071
A comprehensive reference to nickel chemistry for every scientist working with organometallic catalysts Written by one of the world?s leading reseachers in the field, Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis presents a comprehensive review of the high potential of modern nickel catalysis and its application in synthesis. Structured in a clear and assessible manner, the book offers a collection of various reaction types, such as cross-coupling reactions, reactions for the activation of unreactive bonds, carbon dioxide fixation, and many more. Nickel has been recognized as one of the most interesting transition metals for homogeneous catalysis. This book offers an overview to the recently developed new ligands, new reaction conditions, and new apparatus to control the reactivity of nickel catalysts, allowing scientists to apply nickel catalysts to a variety of bond-forming reactions. A must-read for anyone working with organometallic compounds and their application in organic synthesis, this important guide: -Reviews the numerous applications of nickel catalysis in synthesis -Explores the use of nickel as a relatively cheap and earth-abundant metal -Examines the versatility of nickel catalysis in reactions like cross-coupling reactions and CH activations -Offers a resource for academics and industry professionals Written for catalytic chemists, organic chemists, inorganic chemists, structural chemists, and chemists in industry, Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis provides a much-needed overview of the most recent developments in modern nickel catalysis and its application in synthesis.
Author : Rebecca Green
Publisher :
Page : 183 pages
File Size : 17,33 MB
Release : 2016
Category :
ISBN :
The following dissertation discusses the development of a nickel catalyst for the synthesis of Csp2-Csp bonds in addition to the development and mechanistic studies of nickel and palladium catalysts for the synthesis of Csp2-N bonds. The first chapter is a review of the cross-coupling reactions discussed in this dissertation. Nickel and palladium will be compared with respect to physical properties and reactivity differences. The challenges associated with nickel-catalyzed cross coupling will be illustrated, while drawing analogies to analogous palladium-catalyzed reactions. The literature background for the synthesis of Csp2-Csp bonds, catalyzed by palladium and palladium/copper catalytic systems, will be reviewed, while highlighting the challenges and limitations of the field. The field of Csp2-N bond-forming reactions will be examined, as the differences in reactivity between nickel and palladium will be emphasized. Chapter 2 discusses our efforts towards the development of a nickel catalyst for the development of a Csp2-Csp bond forming reaction, performed in the absence of a copper co-catalyst. Chapter 3 describes the development of a single-component nickel complex that catalyzes the coupling of aryl chlorides with primary alkylamines. A series of mechanistic experiments, including synthesis of catalytic intermediates and kinetic experiments, were performed to elucidate the mechanism of the reaction. Chapter 4 discusses our report the palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides withammonia and gaseous amines as their ammonium salts. A difference in selectivity between reactions of aryl chlorides and aryl bromides was discovered and investigated. Chapter 5 describes the development of a single-component nickel catalyst for the coupling of aryl chlorides with ammonia and ammonium sulfate to form the corresponding primary arylamines. The application of ammonium salts was extended to the coupling of gaseous amines, such as methylamine and ethylamine, which were subjected to the reaction conditions as their hydrochloride salt.
Author : Shoubhik Das
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 623 pages
File Size : 46,60 MB
Release : 2020-09-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 3527821961
A guide to the fascinating application of CO2 as a building block in organic synthesis This important book explores modern organic synthesis’ use of the cheap, non-toxic and abundant chemical CO2as an attractive C1 building block. With contributions from an international panel of experts, CO2 as a Building Block in Organic Synthesis offers a review of the most important reactions which use CO2 as a building block in organic synthesis. The contributors examine a wide-range of CO2 reactions including methylation reactions, CH bond functionalization, carboxylation, cyclic carbonate synthesis, multicomponent reactions, and many more. The book reviews the most recent developments in the field and also: Presents the most important reactions like CH-bond functionalization, carboxylation, carbonate synthesis and many more Contains contributions from an international panel of experts Offers a comprehensive resource for academics and professionals in the field Written for organic chemists, chemists working with or on organometallics, catalytic chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, and chemists in industry, CO2 as Building Block in Organic Synthesis contains an analysis of the most important reactions which use CO2 as an effective building block in organic synthesis.
Author : Michele Aresta
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 414 pages
File Size : 48,41 MB
Release : 2010-01-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783527629923
Filling the need for an up-to-date handbook, this ready reference closely investigates the use of CO2 for ureas, enzymes, carbamates, and isocyanates, as well as its use as a solvent, in electrochemistry, biomass utilization and much more. Edited by an internationally renowned and experienced researcher, this is a comprehensive source for every synthetic chemist in academia and industry.
Author : Aiwen Lei
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 50,93 MB
Release : 2016-08-12
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 3527681019
The first handbook on this emerging field provides a comprehensive overview of transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions in the presence of an oxidant. Following an introduction to the general concept and mechanism of this reaction class, the team of authors presents chapters on C-C cross-coupling reactions using organometallic partners, C-Heteroatom bond forming reactions via oxidative couplings, and C-H couplings via C-H activation. The text also covers such groundbreaking topics as recent achievements in the fields of C-C and C-X bond formation reactions as well as C-H activation involving oxidative couplings. With its novel and concise approach towards important building blocks in organic chemistry and its focus on synthetic applications, this handbook is of great interest to all synthetic chemists in academia and industry alike.
Author : Norio Miyaura
Publisher : Springer
Page : 253 pages
File Size : 30,83 MB
Release : 2003-07-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 354045313X
In 1972, a very powerful catalytic cycle for carbon-carbon bond formation was 2 first discovered by the coupling reaction of Grignard reagents at the sp -carbon. Over the past 30 years, the protocol has been substantially improved and expanded to other coupling reactions of Li,B,N,O,Al,Si,P,S,Cu,Mn,Zn,In,Sn, and Hg compounds. These reactions provided an indispensable and simple methodology for preparative organic chemists. Due to the simplicity and rel- bility in the carbon-carbon, carbon-heteroatom, and carbon-metalloid bo- formations,as well as high efficiency of the catalytic process,the reactions have been widely employed by organic chemists in various fields. Application of the protocol ranges from various syntheses of complex natural products to the preparation of biologically relevant molecules including drugs, and of sup- molecules, and to functional materials. The reactions on solid surfaces allow robot synthesis and combinatorial synthesis. Now, many organic chemists do not hesitate to use transition metal complexes for the transformation of org- ic molecules. Indeed, innumerable organic syntheses have been realized by the catalyzed reactions of transition metal complexes that are not achievable by t- ditional synthetic methods. Among these, the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have undoubtedly contributed greatly to the development of such a new area of “metal-catalyzed organic syntheses”. An excellent monograph for the cross-coupling reactions and other met- catalyzed C-C bond-forming reactions recently appeared in Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions (Wiley-VCH,1998).
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 257 pages
File Size : 24,2 MB
Release : 2019-02-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 0309483360
In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon utilization technologies under a variety of circumstances, whether motivated by a goal to improve processes for making carbon-based products, to generate revenue, or to achieve environmental goals.