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Suspension Concentrates is a survey into the theory of the formulation and stabilization of suspensions, elaborating on the breaking of aggregates and agglomerates and the role of dispersing agents on flocculation and electrostatic and steric stabilization. Practical analysis by rheology is discussed. Suspension Concentrates is ideal for research scientists and Ph.D. students investigating chemistry, chemical engineering and colloidal science.
The pouring characteristics from 1 liter HDPE containers have been determined for a number of commercially available suspension concentrates and model solutions with controlled rheology. The pouring phenomenon was observed to occur in two phases: a rapid continuous stream over approximately the first 30 seconds, followed by a slower, dropwise drainage. The rheology of the fluids was measured using a Rheometrics RFS II variable strain rheometer in the dynamic mode. It was found that the weight of formulation remaining in the container after 1 minute's pour out correlated well with the viscous modulus of the fluid. The subsequent rate of drainage of the formulation from the container was dependent upon the elastic modulus of the formulation. Guidelines for development of formulations with efficient pour properties are given.
Herein described is a method for the formulation of highly water soluble materials in a water soluble 'non-solvent'. The example of potassium nitrate is presented along with data describing the synergy between an ethoxylated / propoxylated block copolymer, a tristyryl phenol ethoxylate, and disodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate. Data on viscosity, particle size, syneresis, and flowability, before and after aging at room temperature and 50°C for four weeks show a clear region of optimal performance which was verified by use of a simple statistical design of experiment. The concentrate described, with a loading level of 65% by mass, remains f1owable with minimal crystal growth after aging more than one year at room temperature.
A new family of dispersants for agrochemical suspension concentrate (SC) formulations has been created by reacting an anhydride-bearing resin with a methyl capped polyether amine. The result is a moderate molecular weight graft polyamide, with the desirable "comb" geometry. From this family of materials, four were chosen for comparison to three commercially available benchmark dispersants in several typical pesticide suspension concentrates. The criteria used to compare the new to the old dispersants were: ability to reduce suspension viscosity, zeta potential, syneresis, and tendency of the concentrate to "hardpack." The study demonstrated that the new dispersants are generally very effective dispersants, but care must be used in selecting the best dispersant/wetting agent combination for a given pesticide formulation.
Volume 4 of Formulation Science and Technology is a survey of the applications of formulations in a variety of fields, based on the theories presented in Volumes 1 and 2. It offers in-depth explanations and a wealth of real-world examples for research scientists, universities, and industry practitioners in the fields of Agrochemicals, Paints and Coatings and Food Colloids.
Author : Jan A. Rozendaal Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 432 pages File Size : 39,59 MB Release : 1997 Category : Animals as carriers of disease ISBN : 9789241544948
The first comprehensive, illustrated guide to vector control methods suitable for use by individuals and communities. Published at a time when large-scale control programs organized by governments are declining, the manual aims to help non-professionals understand the role of vectors in specific diseases and then select and use control methods that are appropriate, effective, affordable, and safe. Hundreds of simple, inexpensive and often ingenious techniques, developed and used in a host of different settings, are presented and described in this abundantly illustrated guide. The manual is intended to assist health workers at district and community level, in aid organizations, in refugee camps, or in resource development projects who do not have direct access to experts in entomology, yet need methods for controlling the vectors of such important diseases as malaria filariasis leishmaniasis schistosomiasis dengue and trypanosomiasis. With this audience in mind, the book combines non-specialist factual information about vectors and the diseases they cause with practical advice on control measures, whether involving the use of insecticides, environmental modifications, or the construction of simple devices from local materials. Details range from a table showing where and when the different groups of biting Diptera are active to a recipe for preparing plaster to protect homes against triatomine bugs, from step-by-step instructions for the construction of cheap insect traps, to advice on how to impregnate bed nets and curtains with suitable insecticides. The book opens with a brief description of recent changes in the approach to vector control, followed by a discussion of factors that can influence the success of control measures undertaken by individuals and communities. The core of the manual consists of eight chapters focused on each of the major vectors and groups of vectors: mosquitos and other biting Diptera; tsetse flies; triatomine bugs; bedbugs, fleas, lice, ticks, and mites; cockroaches; houseflies; cyclops; and freshwater snails. Each chapter includes pertinent facts about the vector's life cycle, behavior, and favorite habitats, the diseases it causes, and their clinical features, including opportunities for prevention, treatment, and control. Against this background, methods for control are presented in great detail. Since the use of control measures is often constrained by lack of resources as well as lack of knowledge, most methods described are simple and cheap, do not require much training or supervision, and are safe for both the user and the environment. The remaining chapters offer guidance on the principles and practice of house spraying with residual insecticides, and provide instructions for the safe use of pesticides and the emergency treatment of poisoning.
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Held in October of 2001 in Dallas, Texas, the symposium set out to integrate the efforts of formulation chemists, regulators, and those in industry related to sprayer and nozzle manufacture on topics related to the delivery of crop protection agents (pesticides). Sixteen contributions are presented. After the invited paper on continuity and change in U.S. federal pesticide policy, the papers are organized into two sections, first treating formulation ingredients and design, and then discussing delivery strategies. The first deals with such topics as novel polymeric dispersants, clays as microbial carriers, and Alkyl Citrate Ester surfactants. The second explores such issues as bees as delivery agents, roles of surfactants in foliar application of systemic compounds, and related topics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.