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A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical strength at high temperatures. Superalloy development has been driven primarily by the aerospace and power industries. This compilation of papers from the Twelfth International Symposium on Superalloys, held from September 9-13, 2012, offers the most recent technical information on this class of materials.
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical strength at high temperatures. Superalloy development has been driven primarily by the aerospace and power industries. This compilation of papers from the Twelfth International Symposium on Superalloys, held from September 9-13, 2012, offers the most recent technical information on this class of materials. It covers all aspects of the development, production, behavior and integration of superalloys, and related high temperature materials, into gas turbines for aircraft, power generation and other applications as well as cast, wrought and powder superalloys, and associated coating systems.
Superalloys form a class of the structural materials for high-temperature applications. Nickel superalloys are extensively used in the high-temperature components of gas turbines due to their excellent creep, fatigue, and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures. These materials are considered paramagnetic in the range of working temperatures. This book presents the features of the ternary phase diagrams Ni-Al-X (X = {Co, Fe, Nb, Ti, Cr}), effects of the alloying on the long-range order and mechanical properties of the Ni3 Al-based alloys. Description of the strain-induced ferromagnetism in the Ni3Al-based alloys and magnetic control of the failure of gas turbine blades are also included. A separate section is devoted to the analysis of the vibration process and strength change in the single-crystal gas turbine blades. This book includes the review of the new intermetallic cobalt superalloys. The structure, crystal lattice parameters, orientation relationships between phases, mechanical and magnetic properties of the Co3(Al,W)-based alloys are described. Non-destructive magnetic point control of the martensite content in low-magnetic austenitic alloys is a new method for detection of the local sites with internal stresses. This method is useful for the detection of the residual stress in the critical parts of industrial products. This book may be useful for specialists in material science, first-year postgraduate students taking a class in material science and engineering, and engineers developing new alloys for the gas turbine technology.
The 14th International Symposium on Superalloys (Superalloys 2020) highlights technologies for lifecycle improvement of superalloys. In addition to the traditional focus areas of alloy development, processing, mechanical behavior, coatings, and environmental effects, this volume includes contributions from academia, supply chain, and product-user members of the superalloy community that highlight technologies that contribute to improving manufacturability, affordability, life prediction, and performance of superalloys.
This dissertation was produced at the Division of Solid Mechanics at Linköping University and is part of a research project, which comprises modelling, microstructure investigations and material testing of cast nickel-base superalloys. The main objective of this work was to deepen the understanding of the fracture behaviour of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys and to develop a model to predict the fatigue crack growth behaviour. Frequently, crack growth in these materials has been observed to follow one of two distinct cracking modes; Mode I like cracking perpendicular to the loading direction or crystallographic crack growth on the octahedral {111}-planes, where the latter is associated with an increased fatigue crack growth rate. Thus, it is of major importance to account for this behaviour in component life prediction. Consequently, a model for the prediction of the transition of cracking modes and the correct active crystallographic plane, i.e. the crack path, and the crystallographic crack growth rate has been developed. This model is based on the evaluation of appropriate crack driving forces using three-dimensional finite-element simulations. A special focus was given towards the influence of the crystallographic orientation on the fracture behaviour. Further, a model to incorporate residual stresses in the crack growth modelling is presented. All modelling work is calibrated and validated by experiments on different specimen geometries with different crystallographic orientations. This dissertation consists of two parts, where Part I gives an introduction and background to the field of research, while Part II consists of six appended papers. Die vorliegende Dissertation wurde in der Abteilung für Festigkeitslehre an der Universität von Linköping erstellt und ist Teil eines Forschungsprojektes, welches Modellierung, Mikrostrukturuntersuchungen und Materialtests von gegossenen nickelbasierten Superlegierungen umfasst. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Verständnis des Bruchverhaltens von einkristallinen Superlegierungen auf Nickelbasis zu vertiefen und ein Modell zur Vorhersage des Wachstumsverhaltens von Ermüdungsrissen zu entwickeln. Es wurde beobachtet, dass das Risswachstum in diesen Materialien einem von zwei unterschiedlichen Rissmodi folgt; Modus I Rissfortschritt senkrecht zur Belastungsrichtung oder kristallographisches Risswachstum auf den oktaedrischen f111g-Ebenen, wobei letzteres mit einer erhöhten Ermüdungsrisswachstumsrate verbunden ist. Somit ist es von grosser Bedeutung dieses Verhalten in der Lebensdauervorhersage einer Komponente zu berücksichtigen. Demzufolge wurde ein Modell für die Vorhersage des Übergangs zwischen den Rissmodi und der korrekten aktiven kristallographischen Ebene, d.h. des Risspfades, sowie der kristallographischen Risswachstumsrate erarbeitet. Dieses Modell basiert auf geeigneten Rissantriebskräften, welche mit Hilfe dreidimensionaler Finite-Elemente-Simulationen berechnet werden. Im Fokus stand insbesondere der Einuss der kristallographischen Orientierung auf das Bruchverhalten. Ausserdem wird ein Modell zur Berücksichtigung von Restspannungen in der Risswachstumsmodellierung präsentiert. Alle Modellierungsarbeiten wurden durch Experimente an verschiedenen Probengeometrien mit unterschiedlichen kristallographischen Orientierungen kalibriert und validiert. Diese Dissertation besteht aus zwei Teilen, wobei Teil I aus einer Einführung und einem Hintergrund in das Forschungsgebiet und Teil II aus sechs beigefügten Forschungsartikeln besteht.
This Licentiate of Engineering thesis is a product of the results generated in the research project KME-702, which comprises modelling, microstructure investigations and material testing of cast nickel-base superalloys. The main objective of this work is to model the fatigue crack propagation behaviour in single-crystal nickel-base superalloys. To achieve this, the influence of the crystal orientations on the cracking behaviour is assessed. The results show that the crystal orientation is strongly affecting the material response and must be accounted for. Furthermore, a linear elastic crack driving force parameter suitable for describing crystallographic cracking has been developed. This parameter is based on resolved anisotropic stress intensity factors and is able to predict the correct crystallographic cracking plane after a transition from a Mode I crack. Finally, a method to account for inelastic deformations in a linear elastic fracture mechanics context was investigated. A residual stress field is extracted from an uncracked finite-element model with a perfectly plastic material model and superimposed on the stress field from the cracked model with a linear elastic material model to account for the inelastic deformations during the determination of the crack driving force. The modelling work is validated by material testing on two different specimen geometries at different temperatures. This Licentiate of Engineering thesis consists of two parts, where Part I gives an introduction and background to the research area, while Part II consists of three papers. Denna licentiatavhandling är en produkt av resultat som genererats i forskningsprojektet KME-702, och omfattar modellering, mikrostrukturundersökningar och materialprovning av gjutna nickelbaserade superlegeringar. Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att modellera sprickförloppet under utmattning i enkristallina nickelbaserade superlegeringar. För att uppnå detta har kristallorienteringens inverkan på sprickbeteendet utvärderats. Resultaten visar att kristallorienteringen har en stark inverkan på materialbeteendet, således måste hänsyn till denna tas. Dessutom har en linjär-elastisk sprickdrivkraftsparameter lämplig att beskriva kristallografisk sprickbildning utvecklats. Denna parameter är baserad på anisotropa spänningsintensitetsfaktorer på kristallplan och kan prediktera det korrekta kristallografiska sprickplanet efter övergång från Modus I spricka. Slutligen har undersökts en metod för att ta hand om inelastiska deformationer i en linjär-elastisk brottmekanikskontext. Ett restspänningsfält extraherades från en osprucken finita element modell med en ideal plastisk materialmodell. Denna överlagrades på spänningsfältet från den spruckna modellen, som analyserades med en linjär-elastisk materialmodell, för att ta hänsyn till de inelastiska deformationerna vid bestämning av sprickdrivkraften. Modelleringsarbetet validerades genom materialprovning på två olika provgeometrier vid olika temperaturer. Licentiatavhandlingen består av två delar, där del I ger en introduktion och bakgrund till forskningsområdet medan del II består av tre papper. Dieses Lizentiat der Ingenieurwissenschaften ist im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts KME-702 entstanden, welches Modellierung, Mikrostrukturuntersuchungen und Materialtests von gegossenen nickelbasierten Superlegierungen umfasst. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Modellierung der Ermüdungsrissausbreitung in einkristallinen nickelbasierten Superlegierungen. Um dieses zu erreichen, wurde der Einfluss der Kristallorientierungen auf das Rissverhalten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kristallorientierung das Materialverhalten stark beeinflusst und daher berücksichtigt werden muss. Darüber hinaus wurde ein linear elastischer Rissantriebskraftparameter entwickelt, der zum Beschreiben von kristallographischen Rissen geeignet ist. Dieser Parameter basiert auf aufgelösten anisotropen Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren und ist in der Lage, die korrekte kristallographische Rissebene nach einem Übergang von einem Modus I Riss vorherzusagen. Abschließend wird in einem linear-elastisch bruchmechanischen Kontext eine Methode untersucht, die nichtelastischen Deformationen bei der Bestimmung der Rissantriebskraft zu berücksichtigen. Dazu wird aus einem Finite-Elemente Modell, welches keinen Riss aufweist und mit einem perfekt plastischen Materialmodell beschrieben wird, das Restspannungsfeld extrahiert und dem Spannungsfeld überlagert, welches aus dem Modell mit Riss unter Verwendung eines linear elastischen Materialmodells erzeugt wurde. Die Modellierung wird durch Materialtests an zwei verschiedenen Probengeometrien bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen validiert. Dieses Lizentiat der Ingenieurwissenschaften besteht aus zwei Teilen, wobei Teil I eine Einführung und einen Hintergrund in das Forschungsgebiet gibt, während Teil II aus drei Forschungsartikeln besteht.
This technical meeting will focus on Alloy 718 and Superalloys in this class relative to alloy and process development, production, product applications, trends and the development of advanced modeling tools. The symposium provides an opportunity for authors to present technical advancements relative to a broad spectrum of areas while assessing their impact on related fields associated with this critical alloy group. There are continuing innovations relative to these alloys as well as novel processing techniques which continue to extend applications in very challenging environments ranging from corrosion resistance in the deep sea to high-stressed space applications.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the manufacturing processes that warrants the attention of industrialists, researchers and scientists, because of its ability to produce materials with a complex shape without theoretical restrictions and with added functionalities. There are several advantages to employing additive manufacturing as the primary additive manufacturing process. However, there exist several challenges that need to be addressed systematically. A couple such issues are alloy design and process development. Traditionally alloys designed for conventional cast/powder metallurgical processes were fabricated using advanced AM processes. This is the wrong approach considering that the alloys should be coined based on the process characteristics and meta-stable nature of the process. Hence, we must focus on alloy design and development for AM that suits the AM processes. The AM processes, however, improve almost every day, either in terms of processing capabilities or processing conditions. Hence, the processing part warrants a section that is devoted to these advancements and innovations. Accordingly, the present Special Issue (book) focuses on two aspects of alloy development and process innovations. Here, 45 articles are presented covering different AM processes including selective laser melting, electron beam melting, laser cladding, direct metal laser sintering, ultrasonic consolidation, wire arc additive manufacturing, and hybrid manufacturing. I believe that this Special Issue bears is vital to the field of AM and will be a valuable addition.