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John E. Mylroie and Ira D. Sasowsky' Caves occupy incongruous positions in both our culture and our science. The oldest records of modem human culture are the vivid cave paintings from southern France and northern Spain, which are in some cases more than 30,000 years old (Chauvet, et ai, 1996). Yet, to call someone a "caveman" is to declare them primitive and ignorant. Caves, being cryptic and mysterious, occupied important roles in many cultures. For example, Greece, a country with abundant karst, had the oracle at Delphi and Hades the god of death working from caves. People are both drawn to and mortified by caves. Written records ofcave exploration exist from as early as 852 BC (Shaw, 1992). In the decade of the 1920's, which was rich in news events, the second biggest story (as measured by column inches of newsprint) was the entrapment of Floyd Collins in Sand Cave, Kentucky, USA. This was surpassed only by Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic (Murray and Brucker, 1979).
“Presents detailed descriptions of the physical and depositional characteristics, strata, and radiocarbon chronology of Franchthi.” —Journal of Anthropological Research This fascicle describes the background of the Franchthi project and its excavation history and methodology. Particle size, mineralogy, and chemistry are all taken into consideration as the cultural remains and the sediments from the cave are analyzed to determine their origin and history. William Farrand constructs an integrated stratigraphy for the entire cave using excavators’ notes, laboratory analyses, and personal field data to correlate sequences in separate trenches. On the basis of some 60 radiocarbon dates, the evolution and chronology of the sedimentary fill is postulated.
In response to a request from Congress, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years assesses the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for Earth during approximately the last 2,000 years and the implications of these efforts for our understanding of global climate change. Because widespread, reliable temperature records are available only for the last 150 years, scientists estimate temperatures in the more distant past by analyzing "proxy evidence," which includes tree rings, corals, ocean and lake sediments, cave deposits, ice cores, boreholes, and glaciers. Starting in the late 1990s, scientists began using sophisticated methods to combine proxy evidence from many different locations in an effort to estimate surface temperature changes during the last few hundred to few thousand years. This book is an important resource in helping to understand the intricacies of global climate change.
This book is aimed at students of the natural environment, but it will also appeal to those - cavers, environmental managers and field naturalists - who are curious about the underground world and its inhabitants. it is illustrated throughout with photographs, maps and line diagrams, almost all of which are original to the book.
Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology goes beyond a mere review of current literature and features the most up to date contributions from numerous scientists working in the field. The book represents a groundbreaking and comprehensive resource covering the plethora of applications of micromorphology in archaeology. Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology offers researchers, students and professionals a systematic tool for the interpretation of thin sections of archaeological contexts. This important resource is also designed to help stimulate the use of micromorphology in archaeology outside Europe, where the technique is less frequently employed. Moreover, the authors hope to strengthen the proper application of soil micromorphology in archaeology, by illustrating its possibilities and referring in several cases to more specialized publications (for instance in the field of plant remains, pottery and phytoliths). Written for anyone interested in the topic, this important text offers: Contributions from most of the world's leading authorities on soil micromorphology A series of chapters on the major topics selected among the most recurrent in literature about archaeological soil micromorphology Systematic descriptions of all important micromorphological features Special analytical tools employed on thin sections, such as SEM/EDS, image analysis, fluorescence microscopy, mass spectrometry, among others Numerous cross-references 400 illustrated full-colour plates The resource provides the most current and essential information for archaeologists, geoarchaeologists, soil scientists and sedimentologists. Comprehensive in scope, Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology offers professionals and students a much-needed tool for the interpretation of thin sections of archaeological contexts.
This study investigated the depositional patterns of clastic cave sediments in four caves in Greenbrier and Monroe Counties of West Virginia to test whether deposits found in a single karst conduit are representative of regional paleoenvironmental conditions. If no other variables obscure such signals, conduits that were hydrologically active during the same time should retain similar sedimentary records, documenting terrestrial paleoenvironmental conditions. While numerous sediment studies have been conducted in caves, no study has verified or challenged the assumption that sediments accurately record previous environmental conditions for a given region. Caves were selected on the basis of proximity to each other, similar geology, presence of discrete input to long conduits, and apparently similar ages. Within the cave systems there is limited stacking of passages, reducing the complexity of sediment deposition. Stratigraphic columns were constructed in the field and samples were collected for sediment (grain size, lithology), environmental magnetic (magnetic susceptibility, frequency dependence, anhysteretic remnant magnetization, isothermal remnant magnetization), and paleomagnetic analyses. Due to erosion and depositional complexities, it was a challenge to find complete sedimentary sections. Sediment analyses indicated that samples ranged in size from clay to cobbles and many samples analyzed for paleomagnetism showed normal polarity. Taken in context with the landscape, this suggests that the conduits have been active for less than ~1Ma. Catchment areas were underfit to conduit dimensions, which was expected as surface drainages evolve and become pirated to other conduits. Some samples analyzed for environmental magnetic parameters contained high magnetic concentrations, large amounts of superparamagnetic grains, and an abundance of a low-coercivity magnetic mineral, possible maghemite. Therefore, cave sediment samples with a similar magnetic signature are inferred to correspond to warmer periods of increased pedogenesis and the mechanical transport of soils into the caves. Although it was not possible to associate sediments with specific interglacial time periods, lithostratigraphic correlations could still be established. Through the use of lithostratigraphy, it was possible to form intra-cave and inter-cave correlations.
The Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science contains 350 alphabetically arranged entries. The topics include cave and karst geoscience, cave archaeology and human use of caves, art in caves, hydrology and groundwater, cave and karst history, and conservation and management. The Encyclopedia is extensively illustrated with photographs, maps, diagrams, and tables, and has thematic content lists and a comprehensive index to facilitate searching and browsing.