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Author : Werner Kunz
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 347 pages
File Size : 25,81 MB
Release : 2010
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9814271586
Specific ion effects are important in numerous fields of science and technology. This book summarizes the main ideas that came up over the years. It presents the efforts of theoreticians and supports it by the experimental results stemming from various techniques.
Author : Werner Kunz
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 347 pages
File Size : 12,97 MB
Release : 2010
Category : Science
ISBN : 9814271578
Specific ion effects are important in numerous fields of science and technology. They have been discussed for over 100 years, ever since the pioneering work done by Franz Hofmeister and his group in Prague. Over the last decades, hundreds of examples have been published and periodically explanations have been proposed. However, it is only recently that a profound understanding of the basic effects and their reasons could be achieved. Today, we are not far from a general explanation of specific ion effects. This book summarizes the main new ideas that have come up in the last ten years. In this book, the efforts of theoreticians are substantially supported by the experimental results stemming from new and exciting techniques. Both the new theoretical concepts and the experimental landmarks are collected and critically discussed by eminent scientists and well-known specialists in this field. Beyond the rigorous explanations, guidelines are given to non-specialists in order to help them understand the general rules governing specific ion effects in chemistry, biology, physics and engineering.
Author : Werner Kunz
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 347 pages
File Size : 34,26 MB
Release : 2009-12-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9814468177
Specific ion effects are important in numerous fields of science and technology. They have been discussed for over 100 years, ever since the pioneering work done by Franz Hofmeister and his group in Prague. Over the last decades, hundreds of examples have been published and periodically explanations have been proposed. However, it is only recently that a profound understanding of the basic effects and their reasons could be achieved. Today, we are not far from a general explanation of specific ion effects. This book summarizes the main new ideas that have come up in the last ten years.In this book, the efforts of theoreticians are substantially supported by the experimental results stemming from new and exciting techniques. Both the new theoretical concepts and the experimental landmarks are collected and critically discussed by eminent scientists and well-known specialists in this field. Beyond the rigorous explanations, guidelines are given to non-specialists in order to help them understand the general rules governing specific ion effects in chemistry, biology, physics and engineering.
Author : Yizhak Marcus
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 45,4 MB
Release : 2015-08-03
Category : Science
ISBN : 1118889142
The book starts with an exposition of the relevant properties of ions and continues with a description of their solvation in the gas phase. The book contains a large amount of factual information in the form of extensive tables of critically examined data and illustrations of the points made throughout. It covers: the relevant properties of prospective liquid solvents for the ions the process of the transfer of ions from the gas phase into a liquid where they are solvated various aspects of the solutions of the ions, such as structural and transport ones and the effects of the ions on the solvent dynamics and structure what happens in cases where the solvent is a mixture selective solvation takes place applications of the concepts expounded previously in fields such as electrochemistry, hydrometallurgy, separation chemistry, biophysics, and synthetic methods
Author : Gennadiĭ Alekseevich Krestov
Publisher : Prentice Hall
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 44,53 MB
Release : 1994
Category : Science
ISBN :
This comprehensive, widely-read anthology presents cogent and provocativearticles from differing political perspectives on major issues in post-World WarII America. The fourth edition is considerably expanded to include newselections on the AIDS epidemic, gay rights, the women's movement, and theClinton-Gore administration. In addition to articles by leading historians theeditors have chosen first-person accounts by participants in each of the issuesunder discussion, from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from the BirminghamJail" to Al Gore's speech on environmentalism. With lively introductions to eachsection providing a context for the articles, this book helps students makesense of the tumultuous world of our time.
Author : Michael Nastasi
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 572 pages
File Size : 41,14 MB
Release : 1996-03-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 052137376X
Comprehensive guide to an important materials science technique for students and researchers.
Author : Yitzhak Marcus
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 21,79 MB
Release : 1997-07-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780824700119
Considering the properties of inorganic and organic ions pertaining directly, as well as indirectly, to their behaviour in solutions, this work aims to enable the specialist and non-specialist alike to comprehend ion behaviour in ongoing and developing studies and applications. The companion disk is for use with Microsoft Access 2.0.
Author : Virginia Mazzini
Publisher :
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 31,60 MB
Release : 2018
Category :
ISBN :
Electrolyte solutions play a central role in life and technological processes because of their complexity. This complexity is yet to be described by a predictive theory of the specific effects that different ions induce in solution. The vast majority of investigations of specific-ion effects have been conducted in aqueous solutions. These studies have revealed that amongst the complexity, the effectiveness of the ions often follow trends that are apparent across a number of very different experiments, revealing an underlying order (e.g. the Hofmeister series). It is often assumed that water itself is intricately involved in these trends. Here I investigate specific-ion effects in non-aqueous solvents rather than water. By extending the investigation to a number of non-aqueous solvents, the role of the solvent in specific-ion effect trends can be elucidated and a better understanding of the general phenomenon gained. Firstly, a more definite terminology is developed for describing the specific-ion effects trends in order to address the current confusion in the literature and provide a basis for the following investigations. An extensive investigation of the scarce literature demonstrates that water is by no means a special solvent with regards to ion-specificity, and that within the complexity there is universality. An investigation of electrostriction under the conditions of infinite dilution shows that the same fundamental specific ion trends are observed across all solvents, demonstrating that ion-specificity arises from the ions themselves. In this regard the influence of solvents, surfaces and real concentrations of electrolytes can be seen as perturbations to this fundamental series. Further work shows that for systems that are perturbed, the trends in non-aqueous protic solvents can be expected to follow the same trend in water; and in aprotic solvents the cations are more likely to adhere to the trend in water than the anions. My experimental work focuses on specific-anion effects of seven Hofmeister sodium salts in the solvents: water, methanol, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene carbonate. Two very different experiments were performed; the elution of electrolytes from a size-exclusion chromatography column and an investigation of the electrolyte moderated swelling of a cationic brush (PMETAC) using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). The trends observed are consistent across these experiments. A forward or reverse Hofmeister series is observed in practically all salt-solvent combinations, and the reversal is attributed to the polarisability of the solvent. Finally, a qualitative model of ion specific trends is formulated, where the specific-ion effects are fundamentally a property of the ion, and the associated trends correspond to the Hofmeister series for anions and the lyotropic series for cations. When the concentration is increased, or surfaces introduced, the effects of ion-ion interactions and ion-surface interactions can perturb the fundamental series. The perturbation of the series is related to the proticity of the solvent for ion-ion interactions, whereas the polarisability of the solvent and ion are important when a surface is present. This work for the first time individuates the principal properties of the solvent that affect their ordering: proticity and polarisability.
Author : Dan M. Goebel
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 528 pages
File Size : 28,31 MB
Release : 2008-12-22
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0470436263
Throughout most of the twentieth century, electric propulsion was considered the technology of the future. Now, the future has arrived. This important new book explains the fundamentals of electric propulsion for spacecraft and describes in detail the physics and characteristics of the two major electric thrusters in use today, ion and Hall thrusters. The authors provide an introduction to plasma physics in order to allow readers to understand the models and derivations used in determining electric thruster performance. They then go on to present detailed explanations of: Thruster principles Ion thruster plasma generators and accelerator grids Hollow cathodes Hall thrusters Ion and Hall thruster plumes Flight ion and Hall thrusters Based largely on research and development performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and complemented with scores of tables, figures, homework problems, and references, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters is an indispensable textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are preparing to enter the aerospace industry. It also serves as an equally valuable resource for professional engineers already at work in the field.
Author : Sarah Fearn
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Page : 67 pages
File Size : 14,74 MB
Release : 2015-10-16
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 1681740885
This book highlights the application of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for high-resolution surface analysis and characterization of materials. While providing a brief overview of the principles of SIMS, it also provides examples of how dual-beam ToF-SIMS is used to investigate a range of materials systems and properties. Over the years, SIMS instrumentation has dramatically changed since the earliest secondary ion mass spectrometers were first developed. Instruments were once dedicated to either the depth profiling of materials using high-ion-beam currents to analyse near surface to bulk regions of materials (dynamic SIMS), or time-of-flight instruments that produced complex mass spectra of the very outer-most surface of samples, using very low-beam currents (static SIMS). Now, with the development of dual-beam instruments these two very distinct fields now overlap.