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This book deals with central and universal issues of reward, punishment and forgiveness for the first time in a compact and comprehensive way. Until now these themes have received far too little attention in scholarly research both in their own right and in their interrelationship. The scope of this study is to present them in relation to the foundations of our culture. These and related issues are treated primarily within the Hebrew Bible, using the methods of literary analysis. The centrality of these themes in all religions and all cultures has resulted, however, in a comparative investigation, drawing attention to the problem of terminology, the importance of Greek culture for the European tradition, and the fusion of Greek and Jewish-Christian cultures in our modern philosophical and theological systems. This broad perspective shows that the biblical personalist understanding of divine authority and of human righteousness or guilt provides the personalist key to the search for reconciliation in a divided world.
This comparative study provides a fascinating insight into understanding the central themes of reward, punishment and forgiveness within the Hebrew Bible, Greek literature and in modern interpretation. The emphasis is both on the intrinsic operation of reward and punishment and on the ultimate personalist reason for God's mercy and forgiveness.
Forgiveness: The Key to Overcoming, Progressing, and Succeeding Gregory Calliste, PhD (Dr. C) In this book, Forgiveness: The Key to Overcoming, Progressing, and Succeeding, the godly principle of forgiveness and its benefits and consequences are demonstrated. These are good outcomes that most people hope for but which unfortunately not enough people achieve. Many people seem to be struggling and failing, unable to progress and succeed in spite of their tremendous effort and dedication, frustrated, discouraged, and ready to give up. The key may hinge on one simple word: forgiveness. God has commanded that we “forgive others as we want to be forgiven,” “do not repay evil for evil,” because “vengeance is mine (God), I shall repay.” The biblical principle of forgiveness is stressed in the Old and New Testaments, and numerous examples are cited to illustrate God’s rewards for those who obey this command to forgive. Conversely, numerous examples are also cited that demonstrate God’s punishment for those who ignore his command and inflict their own punishment on their adversaries. The author, Dr. C, has showed how his decisions to obey God’s command to forgive others unconditionally has produced positive results for him and negative consequences and even serious punishment for his opponents because he forgave them and left vengeance to God. He uses his personal experiences as president/chief executive officer of a hospital several years ago to illustrate this amazing phenomenon. In spite of his tremendous success at improving that hospital, four members of the board of directors, his bosses, conspired and tried to terminate him. The coup failed and their efforts were unsuccessful because of God’s intervention. Instead of having the normal reaction to retaliate, he forgave them fully. The resultant rewards for his obedience makes a convincing case for choosing forgiving over avenging. The misfortunes of the board and hospital after he left that organization reinforce his conclusion that God’s punishment is much more potent than man’s when we forgive and leave vengeance up to God. Dr. C acknowledges that he is a “fighter” by nature so his initial reaction is always to fight back, be assertive, respect all, and demand respect from all. So to him forgiveness was not easy, and to change that character, he really had to go beyond his human strength and depend totally on God. But forgiveness worked for him as it did for so many biblical characters, and he is enjoying the benefits of overcoming, progressing, and succeeding because of his obedience to forgive. By profession, Dr. C is a hospital executive with over thirty years of senior administrative experience, which includes executive positions in private not-for-profit, for-profit, and public hospitals in New York, New Orleans, and the Caribbean. He also taught business and health administration as an adjunct professor for over fifteen years at several colleges and universities in New York. His academic credentials include a doctor of philosophy (PhD), master of business administration (MBA), master of science (MS), bachelor of arts (BA), Certified Healthcare Executive, etc. He has always had a gift and love for writing. His writing career actually started in 2008, after the incident described in this book, which actually prompted the writing of this book, poems, and songs. To date he has written over seventy poems and songs that focus on God’s message of love, peace, joy, and forgiveness and which also uplift the name and teachings of Jesus Christ. Dr. C truly believes that we ought to obey Jesus’s command to love and forgive each other as God loves and forgives us in spite of our shortcomings.
Forgiveness and Revenge is a powerful exploration of our attitudes to serious wrongdoings and a careful examination of the values that underlie our thinking about revenge and forgiveness. From adulterous spouses to terrorist factions, we are surrounded by wrongdoing, yet we rarely agree which response is appropriate. The problem of how to respond realistically and sensitively to the wrongs of the past remains a perplexing one. Trudy Govier clarifies our thinking on this subject by examining the moral and practical impact of revenge and forgiveness, both personal and political. Forgiveness and Revenge offers much-needed clarity and reason where emotions often prevail. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the ethics of attitudes to wrongdoing.
In this book, David Konstan argues that the modern concept of interpersonal forgiveness, in the full sense of the term, did not exist in ancient Greece and Rome. Even more startlingly, it is not fully present in the Hebrew Bible, nor in the New Testament or in the early Jewish and Christian commentaries on the Holy Scriptures. It would still be centuries - many centuries - before the idea of interpersonal forgiveness, with its accompanying ideas of apology, remorse, and a change of heart on the part of the wrongdoer, would emerge. For all its vast importance today in religion, law, politics and psychotherapy, interpersonal forgiveness is a creation of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the Christian concept of divine forgiveness was fully secularized. Forgiveness was God's province and it took a revolution in thought to bring it to earth and make it a human trait.
Forgiveness: The Key to Overcoming, Progressing, and Succeeding Gregory Calliste, PhD (Dr. C) In this book, Forgiveness: The Key to Overcoming, Progressing, and Succeeding, the godly principle of forgiveness and its benefits and consequences are demonstrated. These are good outcomes that most people hope for but which unfortunately not enough people achieve. Many people seem to be struggling and failing, unable to progress and succeed in spite of their tremendous effort and dedication, frustrated, discouraged, and ready to give up. The key may hinge on one simple word: forgiveness. God has commanded that we "forgive others as we want to be forgiven," "do not repay evil for evil," because "vengeance is mine (God), I shall repay." The biblical principle of forgiveness is stressed in the Old and New Testaments, and numerous examples are cited to illustrate God's rewards for those who obey this command to forgive. Conversely, numerous examples are also cited that demonstrate God's punishment for those who ignore his command and inflict their own punishment on their adversaries. The author, Dr. C, has showed how his decisions to obey God's command to forgive others unconditionally has produced positive results for him and negative consequences and even serious punishment for his opponents because he forgave them and left vengeance to God. He uses his personal experiences as president/chief executive officer of a hospital several years ago to illustrate this amazing phenomenon. In spite of his tremendous success at improving that hospital, four members of the board of directors, his bosses, conspired and tried to terminate him. The coup failed and their efforts were unsuccessful because of God's intervention. Instead of having the normal reaction to retaliate, he forgave them fully. The resultant rewards for his obedience makes a convincing case for choosing forgiving over avenging. The misfortunes of the board and hospital after he left that organization reinforce his conclusion that God's punishment is much more potent than man's when we forgive and leave vengeance up to God. Dr. C acknowledges that he is a "fighter" by nature so his initial reaction is always to fight back, be assertive, respect all, and demand respect from all. So to him forgiveness was not easy, and to change that character, he really had to go beyond his human strength and depend totally on God. But forgiveness worked for him as it did for so many biblical characters, and he is enjoying the benefits of overcoming, progressing, and succeeding because of his obedience to forgive. By profession, Dr. C is a hospital executive with over thirty years of senior administrative experience, which includes executive positions in private not-for-profit, for-profit, and public hospitals in New York, New Orleans, and the Caribbean. He also taught business and health administration as an adjunct professor for over fifteen years at several colleges and universities in New York. His academic credentials include a doctor of philosophy (PhD), master of business administration (MBA), master of science (MS), bachelor of arts (BA), Certified Healthcare Executive, etc. He has always had a gift and love for writing. His writing career actually started in 2008, after the incident described in this book, which actually prompted the writing of this book, poems, and songs. To date he has written over seventy poems and songs that focus on God's message of love, peace, joy, and forgiveness and which also uplift the name and teachings of Jesus Christ. Dr. C truly believes that we ought to obey Jesus's command to love and forgive each other as God loves and forgives us in spite of our shortcomings.
In The Forgiveness of Sins, Tim Carter examines the significance of forgiveness in a New Testament context, delving deep into second-century Christian literature on sin and the role of the early church in mitigating it. This crucial spiritual issue is at the core of what it means to be Christian, and Carter's thorough and erudite examination of this theme is a necessity for any professional or amateur scholar of the early church. Carter's far-reaching analysis begins with St Luke, who is often accused of weakness on the subject of atonement, but who in fact uses the phrase 'forgiveness of sins' more frequently than any other New Testament author. Carter explores patristic writers both heterodox and orthodox, such as Marcion, Justin Martyr and Origen. He also deepens our understanding of Second Temple Judaism and the theological context in which Christian ideas about atonement developed. Useful to both the academic and the pastoral theologian, The Forgiveness of Sins is a painstaking, clear-eyed exploration of what forgiveness meant not only to early Christians such as Tertullian, Irenaeus and Luke, but to Jesus himself, and what it means to Christians today.
In current debates about coming to terms with individual and collective wrongdoing, the concept of forgiveness has played an important but controversial role. For a long time, the idea was widespread that a forgiving attitude — overcoming feelings of resentment and the desire for revenge — was always virtuous. Recently, however, this idea has been questioned. The contributors to this volume do not take sides for or against forgiveness but rather examine its meaning and function against the backdrop of a more complex understanding of moral repair in a variety of social, circumstantial, and cultural contexts. The book aims to gain a differentiated understanding of the European traditions regarding forgiveness, revenge, and moral repair that have shaped our moral intuitions today whilst also examining examples from other cultural contexts (Asia and Africa, in particular) to explore how different cultural traditions deal with the need for moral repair after wrongdoing.