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For the first time, the authors provide a comprehensive and consistent presentation of all techniques available in this field. They rigorously analyze the behavior of different electrochemical single and multipotential step techniques for electrodes of different geometries and sizes under transient and stationary conditions. The effects of these electrode features in studies of various electrochemical systems (solution systems, electroactive monolayers, and liquid-liquid interfaces) are discussed. Explicit analytical expressions for the current-potential responses are given for all available cases. Applications of each technique are outlined for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms. Coverage is comprehensive: normal pulse voltammetry, double differential pulse voltammetry, reverse pulse voltammetry and other triple and multipulse techniques, such as staircase voltammetry, differential staircase voltammetry, differential staircase voltcoulommetry, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and square wave voltcoulommetry.
Through this monograph, the pharmaceutical chemist gets familiar with the possibilities electroanalytical methods offer for validated analyses of drug compounds and pharmaceuticals. The presentation focuses on the techniques most frequently used in practical applications, particularly voltammetry and polarography. The authors present the information in such a way that the reader can judge whether the application of such techniques offers advantages for solving a particular analytical problem. Basics of individual electroanalytical techniques are outlined using as simple language as possible, with a minimum of mathematical apparatus. For each electroanalytical technique, the physical and chemical processes as well as the instrumentation are described. The authors also cover procedures for the identification of electroactive groups and the chemical and electrochemical processes involved. Understanding the principles of such processes is essential for finding optimum analytical conditions in the most reliable way. Added to this is the validation of such analytical procedures. A particularly valuable feature of this book are extensive tables listing numerous validated examples of practical applications. Various Indices according to the drug type, the electroactive group and the type of method as well as a subject and author index are also provided for easy reference.
This is an introduction to the areas of application of electroanalysis, which has an important role with current environmental concerns, both in the laboratory and in the field.
In a real tour-de-force of scientific publishing, three distinguished experts here systematically deliver both the underlying theory and the practical guidance needed to effectively apply square-wave voltammetry techniques. Square-wave voltammetry is a technique used in analytical applications and fundamental studies of electrode mechanisms. In order to take full advantage of this technique, a solid understanding of signal generation, thermodynamics, and kinetics is essential. Not only does this book cover all the necessary background and basics, but it also offers an appendix on mathematical modeling plus a chapter on electrode mechanisms that briefly reviews the numerical formulae needed to simulate experiments using popular software tools.
This is the first textbook in the field of electrochemistry that will teach experimental electrochemists how to carry out simulation of electrode processes. Processes at both macro- and micro-electrodes are examined and the simulation of both diffusion-only and diffusion-convection processes are addressed. The simulation of processes with coupled homogeneous kinetics and at microelectrode arrays are further discussed.Over the course of the book the reader's understanding is developed to the point where they will be able to undertake and solve research-level problems. The book leads the reader through from a basic understanding of the principles underlying electrochemical simulation to the development of computer programs which describe the complex processes found in voltammetry.This second edition has been revised throughout, and contains new material relating to random walks in electrochemistry, as well as expanded materials on the checking and validation of simulations, pulse techniques, and square wave voltammetry.
The power of electrochemical measurements in respect of thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis is widely recognized but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, especially if they wish to pursue quantitative measurements. Accordingly, some significant experiments are perhaps wisely never attempted while the literature is sadly replete with flawed attempts at rigorous voltammetry.This textbook considers how to go about designing, explaining and interpreting experiments centered around various forms of voltammetry (cyclic, microelectrode, hydrodynamic, and so on). The reader is assumed to have a knowledge to Masters level of physical chemistry but no exposure to electrochemistry in general, or voltammetry in particular. While the book is designed to 'stand alone', references to important research papers are given to provide an entry into the literature.The book gives clear introductions to the theories of electron transfer and of diffusion in its early chapters. These are developed to interpret voltammetric experiments at macro-electrodes before considering microelectrode behavior. A subsequent chapter introduces convection and describes hydrodynamic electrodes. Later chapters describe the voltammetric measurement of homogeneous kinetics, the study of adsorption on electrodes and the use of voltammetry for electroanalysis.
Third Edition covers the latest advances in methodologies, sensors, detectors, and mIcrochips The greatly expanded Third Edition of this internationally respected text continues to provide readers with a complete panorama of electroanalytical techniques and devices, offering a balancebetween voltammetric and potentiometric techniques. Emphasizing electroanalysis rather than physical electrochemistry, readers gain a deep understanding of the fundamentals of electrodereactions and electrochemical methods. Moreover, readers learn to apply their newfoundknowledge and skills to solve real-world analytical problems. The text consists of six expertly crafted chapters: * Chapter 1 introduces fundamental aspects of electrode reactions and the structure of the interfacial region * Chapter 2 studies electrode reactions and high-resolution surface characterization, using techniques ranging from cyclic voltammetry to scanning probe microscopies * Chapter 3 features an overview of modern finite-current controlled potential techniques * Chapter 4 presents electrochemical instrumentation and electrode materials, including modified electrodes and ultramicroelectrodes * Chapter 5 details the principles of potentiometric measurements and various classes of ion selective electrodes * Chapter 6 explores the growing field of chemical sensors, including biosensors, gas sensors, microchip devices, and sensor arrays Among the new topics covered, readers discover DNA biosensors, impedance spectroscopy, detection of capillary electrophoresis, diamond electrodes, carbon-nanotube and nanoparticle-based arrays and devices, large-amplitude AC voltammetry, solid-state ion-selective electrodes, ion selective electrodes for trace analysis, and lab-on-a-chip devices. New figures, worked examples, and end-of-chapter questions have also been added to this edition. Given the rapid pace of discovery and growth of new applications in the field, this text is essential for an up-to-date presentation of the latest advances in methodologies, sensors, detectors, and microchips. It is recommended for graduate-level courses in electroanalytical chemistry and as a supplement for upper-level undergraduate courses in instrumental analysis. The text also meets the reference needs for any industry, government, or academic laboratory engaged in electroanalysis and biosensors.
This laboratory book delivers hands-on advice to researchers in all fields of life and physical sciences already applying or intending to apply electro-analytical methods in their research. The authors represent in a strictly practice-oriented manner not only the necessary theoretical background but also substantial know-how on measurement techniques, interpretation of data, experimental setup and trouble shooting. The author and the editor are well-known specialists in their field.
Voltammetry for Sensing Applications familiarizes readers with recent advancements in the field of electrochemical analysis. The book features 16 chapters which cover many applications of voltammetric analysis such as drug testing and analysis, sensors for point-of-care devices, sensors for diverse analysis, advanced energy storage devices, clinical sample analysis, sensors for the detection of heavy metals, nanomaterials, disease detection, immune sensors, food sample analysis, and anti-inflammatory and anticancer drug detection. Many of the current methods of voltammetry offer increased stability, repeatability, high performance, cost-effectiveness, time-saving, sensitivity, and the chapters also cover appropriate applications for the sensing tools and methodologies which are imperative in electrochemical, environment, biological, medicinal, and food safety analysis. This informative reference serves as a timely and comprehensive update on voltammetry and sensing materials for chemistry scholars and industrial chemists alike.
Electrochemical science as a field is growing at a tremendous rate. It was central to the emergence of chemistry as a discipline through the discovery of elements and is now poised to revolutionize energy, neuroscience, and organic synthesis, among more traditional applications in corrosion prevention. In this brief digital primer the authors introduce selected techniques in electroanalytical chemistry through text, laboratory-based tutorial videos, and data analysis practice problems. This primer is suitable for scientists interested in a brief introduction to the recent advances in electroanalytical chemistry, instructors wanting to supplement an undergraduate or graduate course in instrumental analysis, or the scientist wishing to incorporate electroanalytical techniques into projects to study reaction mechanisms, design energy conversion or energy storage devices, and/or design electrochemical sensors.