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Le 20e siècle semble traîner derrière lui des valeurs et des réalités qu’il pensait combattre à jamais. Inégalité et pauvreté n’étaient déjà pas, plus, envisageables depuis au moins deux siècles et le Royaume-Uni semblait porter les espoirs de cette ère nouvelle. Depuis 1942, d’aucuns affirment que le procès richesse-inégalité-pauvreté est un des plus stables du pays. Qu’en-est-il au juste ? Le recueil bilingue (anglais-français) apporte sa contribution au débat.
En 1942, la publication du Rapport Beveridge faisait figure de déclaration de guerre à la pauvreté, premier des " cinq géants " qui " se dressaient sur la route de la reconstruction ". En 1990, la démission de Margaret Thatcher du poste de Premier ministre fut souvent interprétée comme la sanction d'une politique qui avait conduit à l'augmentation de la pauvreté et à l'accroissement des écarts sociaux. C'est dire l'importance revêtue outre-Manche par ces questions de politique sociale au cours du demi-siècle écoulé. Pays de liberté, la Grande-Bretagne est aussi une terre d'inégalités, où la pauvreté a longtemps été considérée comme une fatalité. Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les Britanniques, à la recherche d'une société plus juste, se dotèrent pourtant du plus ambitieux des systèmes de protection sociale : le Welfare State. Porté sur les fonds baptismaux par les travaillistes, il se perpétua au cours des décennies suivantes et à travers les changements successifs de gouvernements, au point que l'on a pu parler d'un consensus politique sur le rôle central de l'Etat dans le combat en faveur de l'égalité sociale. Celle-ci ne fut pourtant jamais atteinte, et la pauvreté, contrairement à ce que les plus optimistes avaient pu envisager au lendemain des réformes de l'après-guerre, fit tout, sauf disparaître. La période 1942-1990 peut être lue comme celle des heurts et malheurs de cet Etat providence, de ses succès et de ses limites, des débats qu'il suscita, des différentes conceptions politiques et éthiques qui l'influencèrent et auxquelles il dut se plier. Le livre de Philippe Chassaigne se propose de faire le point sur ces questions, en associant la précision des faits et des statistiques à la mise en perspective politique, économique et culturelle la plus large possible, sans laquelle ces questions, essentielles pour la compréhension de la société britannique contemporaine, perdent de leur intelligibilité. Maître de conférences à l'université de Bordeaux III,
This collection of twelve essays reviews the history of welfare in Britain over the past 150 years. It focuses on the ideas that have shaped the development of British social policy, and on the thinkers who have inspired and also contested the welfare state. It thereby constructs an intellectual history of British welfare since the concept first emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. The essays divide into four sections. The first considers the transition from laissez-faire to social liberalism from the 1870s, and the enduring impact of late-Victorian philosophical idealism on the development of the welfare state. It focuses on the moral philosophy of T. H. Green and his influence on key figures in the history of British social policy like William Beveridge, R. H. Tawney, and William Temple. The second section is devoted to the concept of 'planning' which was once, in the mid-twentieth century, at the heart of social policy and its implementation, but which has subsequently fallen out of favour. A third section examines the intellectual debate over the welfare state since its creation in the 1940s. Though a consensus seemed to have emerged during the Second World War over the desirability and scope of a welfare state extending 'from the cradle to the grave', libertarian and conservative critiques endured and re-emerged a generation later. A final section examines social policy and its implementation more recently, both at grass roots level in a study of community action in West London in the districts made infamous by the fire at Grenfell Tower in 2017, and at a systemic level where different models of welfare provision are shown to be in uneasy co-existence today. The collection is a tribute to Jose Harris, emeritus professor of history in the University of Oxford and a pioneer of the intellectual history of social policy. Taken together, these essays conduct the reader through the key phases and debates in the history of British welfare.
"This is an urban history of London during the pivotal years of the 1960s and 1970s, when the metropolis was transformed from an industrial city that the Victorians might have recognised to an embryonic modern 'world city.' Previous work on London in these years has tended to focus upon the 1960s -in particular the 'Swinging London' phenomenon. Mary Quant, Carnaby Street and the King's Road, Chelsea, all appear in these pages, but it is argued that the 'swinging moment' of the mid-sixties was a passing symptom of a much broader transformation from an industrial to a service-based city, and it is that transformation which this book examines. London is too complex and diverse a city to be comprehended in a simple linear narrative; this book adopts instead an innovative approach to urban history, by which London life and London's transformation are examined through a number of case studies looking at specific themes and areas of the city. Consumerism and the 'experience economy', home ownership and gentrification, deindustrialisation and deprivation, racial tension and unemployment, the attrition of public services and the steady loss of confidence in public agencies - national and local - emerge as overarching themes from the individual case studies in this book. Their combined effect, it is argued, was to prepare the ground for the Britain that Margaret Thatcher is usually held to have created after 1979 - without Thatcher herself having anything to do it"--
Author : Antoine Capet Publisher : Publications de l'Université de Rouen et du Havre Page : 234 pages File Size : 28,55 MB Release : 2001 Category : Great Britain ISBN : 9782877753005
From the Fashoda incident in 1898 to the current Blair-Jospin 'entente', this book reviews one century of Franco-British relations. Friend or foe? Partner or rival? Model or counter-model? The two countries continually wavered between two extremes. Yet, as this collection of papers show, they have always had more things in common than suspected in the first place, and there has always been a strong case for cooperation.
Since 1945, what ‘conservative’ means has troubled intellectuals, politicians and parties in the United Kingdom and West Germany. In Britain conservatism was an accepted term of the political vocabulary, denoting a particular tradition of political thought and practice. In West Germany, by contrast, conservatism was a difficult concept for the young democracy to swallow. It carried a heavy antiliberal and antidemocratic burden and led people to question whether there was a place for conservatism within democratic culture after all. The Guardians of Concepts scrutinizes the debates about conservatism in the UK and the Federal Republic of Germany from the late 1940s to the early 1980s. Informed by historical semantics, it conceives of conservatism as a flexible linguistic structure, and shows the importance of language for the self-understanding of many conservatives, who not by chance, have regarded themselves as the guardians of concepts. The intense national and transnational debates about the meaning of conservatism had far-reaching consequences and continue to influence politics today.
In 1945 many thought that the Welfare State world eradicate poverty in Britain. In the 1960s researchers showed that this was far from the case. New efforts were made to secure a satisfactory standard of living for all, but this was never fully achieved. In the 1980s things worsened for the poor as the gap between the affluent and the deprived widened. This book traces the evolution from 1945 to 1990. It also analyses the concepts used (absolute poverty, relative poverty, deprivation, social exclusion) and examines who are the poor. Finally two major social inequalities are studied, health and education.
The Royal Historical Society's Annual Bibliography of British and Irish History provides a comprehensive and authoritative survey of books and articles published in a single calendar year. It covers all periods of British anbd Irish history from Roman Britain to the end of the twentieth century, and also includes a section on imperial and commonweatlh history. It is the most complete and up-to-date bibliography of its type, and an indispensable tool for historians.