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Nonlinear Optical Materials and Devices for Applications in Information Technology takes the reader from fundamental interactions of laser light in materials to the latest developments of digital optical information processing. The book emphasises nonlinear optical interactions in bulk and low-dimensional semiconductors, liquid crystals and optical fibres. After establishing the basic laser--material interactions in these materials, it goes on to assess applications in soliton propagation, integrated optics, smart pixel arrays and digital optical computing.
Nonlinear optical materials play a pivotal role in the future evolution of nonlinear optics in general and its impact in technology and industrial applications in particular. The progress in nonlinear optics has been tremendous since the first demonstration of an all-optical nonlinear effect in the early sixties, but until recently the main visible emphasis was on the physical aspects of the nonlinear radiation matter interaction. In the last decade, however, this effort has also brought its fruits in applied aspects of nonlinear optics. This can be essentially traced to the improvement of the performances of the nonlinear optical materials. Our understanding of the nonlinear polarization mechanisms and their relation to the structural characteristics of the materials has been considerably improved. In addition, the new development of techniques for the fabrication and growth of artificial materials has dramatically contributed to this evolution. The goal is to find and develop materials presenting large nonlinearities and satisfying at the same time all the technological requirements for applications such as wide transparency range, fast response, high damage threshold but also processability, adaptability and interfacing with other materials. Improvements, besides rendering possible the implementation of nonlinear effects in devices, open the way to the study of new nonlinear optical effects and the introduction of new concepts. This book describes new concepts which are emerging in the field of nonlinear optical materials, concentrating the attention on materials which seem more promising for applications in the technology of information transmission and processing.
Nonlinear optics is a topic of much current interest that exhibits a great diversity. Some publications on the subject are clearly physics, while others reveal an engineering bias; some appear to be accessible to the chemist, while others may appeal to biological understanding. Yet all purport to be non linear optics so where is the underlying unity? The answer is that the unity lies in the phenomena and the devices that exploit them, while the diversity lies in the materials used to express the phenomena. This book is an attempt to show this unity in diversity by bringing together contributions covering an unusually wide range of materials, preceded by accounts of the main phenomena and important devices. Because ofthe diversity, individual materials are treated in separate chapters by different expert authors, while as editors we have shouldered the task of providing the unifying initial chapters. Most main classes of nonlinear optical solids are treated: semiconductors, glasses, ferroelectrics, molecular crystals, polymers, and Langmuir-Blodgett films. (However, liquid crystals are not covered. ) Each class of material is enough for a monograph in itself, and this book is designed to be an introduction suitable for graduate students and those in industry entering the area of nonlinear optics. It is also suitable in parts for final-year undergraduates on project work. It aims to provide a bridge between traditional fields of expertise and the broader field of nonlinear optics.
This book reflects the latest advances in nonlinear optics. Besides the simple, strict mathematical deduction, it also discusses the experimental verification and possible future applications, such as the all-optical switches. It consistently uses the practical unit system throughout. It employs simple physical images, such as "light waves" and "photons" to systematically explain the main principles of nonlinear optical effects. It uses the first-order nonlinear wave equation in frequency domain under the condition of “slowly varying amplitude approximation" and the classical model of the interaction between the light and electric dipole. At the same time, it also uses the rate equations based on the energy-level transition of particle systems excited by photons and the energy and momentum conservation principles to explain the nonlinear optical phenomenon. The book is intended for researchers, engineers and graduate students in the field of optics, optoelectronics, fiber communication, information technology and materials etc.
Nonlinear optics is a field of study resulting from laser beam interactions with materials which started with the advent of lasers in the early 60 s. This field of study is maturing dramatically while playing a major role in newly emerging photonic technologies. Nonlinear optics has spawned the development of numerous optical devices that have become indispensable in our daily lives. This exciting field has played a major role in the development of optical applications such as optical signal processing, optical computers, ultrafast switches, ultra-short pulsed lasers, sensors, laser amplifiers, and many others. This special review volume on Nonlinear Optics and Applications is intended for those who want to become more aware of some of the most recent developments in photonics and to provide a glimpse of the role of nonlinear optics in modern photonic technologies. It is also important to note that the vast quantity of research in nonlinear optics, optical materials, and nonlinear optical devices in the last five years alone is enormous, the totality of which is well beyond the scope of a single volume. This fact along with other constraints, such as communication and time, has made our efforts toward fair and comprehensive discussion of the most representative of modern advances in this vast field extremely difficult, and no doubt futile. Consequently, we apologize in advance to those whose high quality and equally significant work has been unavoidably left out. We are hopeful that similar volumes will follow, and that this dialogue will continue to expand. In this book, we give a survey on the recent advances of nonlinear optical applications. Emphasis will be on novel devices and materials, switching technology, optical computing, and important experimental results. We also include the recent developments in topics which are of historical interest to many researchers, and, at the same time, of potential use in the fields of all-optical communication and computing technologies. In addition, we enclosed a few new and unconventional related topics which might provoke new thinking and discussion. This review volume is designed to be of interest to a broad range of research scientists, engineers, and graduate students engaged in multidiscipline research areas such as optics, material science, chemistry, physics, lasers, fibers, semiconductors, computer and electrical engineering. The book is organized as follows: Chapter 1 provides an introduction and update to nonlinear optics and applications particularly as related to organic p-electron materials and devices fabricated from such materials. This chapter provides insight into the fundamental concepts and guiding principles leading to improved materials and devices. Chapter 2 gives a brief review of the nonlinear Schrodinger and associated equations that model spatio-temporal propagation in one and higher dimensions in nonlinear dispersive media. Fast adaptive numerical techniques were used to solve these equations. A unique variational approach is also outlined that helps in determining the ranges of nonlinearity and dispersion parameters. Chapter 3 is an update of the supercontinuum light source by professor Alfano, who observed the phenomenon for the first time in 1970. The phase change induced by an intense ultrashort laser pulse propagating through a medium causes a frequency sweep within the pulse envelope, resulting in a well-defined temporal chirp. A look into the nonlinear mechanisms involved in producing such a system and its potential applications are presented. Chapter 4 demonstrates wideband ultrashort pulse fiber laser sources using optical fibers and ultrashort pulse fiber lasers and a wavelength tuning range from 0.78 to 2.0 mm. The generation process and characteristics have been analyzed both experimentally and numerically. Chapter 5 provides an overview of experimental demonstrations and theoretical understanding of lattice fabrication (including 1D lattices, 2D square lattices and ring lattices, and lattices with structured defects), as well as their linear and nonlinear light guiding properties. Discrete diffraction and self-trapping are demonstrated in a variety of settings, including fundamental discrete solitons, discrete vector solitons, discrete dipole solitons, discrete vortex solitons, and necklace-like solitons. In addition, the formation of 1D and 2D lattices with single-site negative defects, and linear bandgap guidance in these structures are demonstrated. Chapter 6 discusses the second-order EO (Pockels) effect, the third-order (Kerr) and thermo-optical effects in optical waveguides and their applications in optical communication. Chapter 7 presents a theoretical study and experimental data of beam combination using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering for improving upon beam quality in optical fibers. The study includes both coherent and incoherent combination as well as two-beam phasing using the unique polarization characteristics of stimulated Brillouin scattering. Chapter 8 demonstrates theoretical and experimental results of a double-functional interferometer, using holographic recording of a dynamic grating in CdTe:V crystal. The mechanisms involved were attributed to a slow electro-optical effect and a fast free-carrier grating. Chapter 9 represents the poling process of optical polymers to induce second and third order nonlinear optical effects. The chapter attributes the electro-optic effect in polymers to the presence of chromophore in the polymer matrix and explains the different approaches for incorporating the chromophore into the polymer matrix. This chapter also describes the different poling methods, and explains accompanying mechanisms. Chapter 10 treats the effects of a magnetic field on materials, and its role in nonlinear optics. The chapter presents a set of experimental results, which prompts reconsideration of the role of magnetization in optics and predictions of optical magnetic resonance, negative permeability, and magnetic birefringence at optical frequencies. Chapter 11 describes observations of Stokes and anti-Stokes emissions of gold nano-particles as a three step process involving single-photon or three-photon excitation of electron-hole pairs, relaxation of excited electrons and holes, and emission from electron-hole recombination. This chapter also presents quantitative analyses of the experimental data. Chapter 12 explores the use of linear optics and the reliance on detection to design a number of optical logic gates that perform operations in the complex domain of linear optics and are converted to Boolean operations by the act of detection. These logic gates have no energy cost and the bandwidth is strictly limited by the electronic modulation and demodulation rate and can be integrated on chips with the electronics. Chapter 13 presents an answer to the important question: Can the electric field of a light wave be assigned a definite polarity? In other words, can an optical field vector be more up than down? It also describes physical experiments and devices where this polar asymmetry is generated and detected and also connects the answer to the independently developed, Nobel Prize-winning technique of generating stabilized combs of mode-locked frequency components of light. Chapter 14 presents an excellent review of chalcopyrite materials and their potential as compact highly sensitive nonlinear optical sensors, of potential for many remote sensing devices. The chapter also touches on the integration of miniaturized photonic nonlinear bandgap structures, which enhances the nonlinearity and minimizes problems associated with walk-off effects, and outlines a theoretical analysis of nonlinear propagation in these structures. Chapter 15 presents the status of the ultimate device, the development of which can be achieved within the time-frame of this 21st century through photonic technologies: optical computing. This chapter lists the different components of which the optical computer might consist of and lists the most recent advances in their development to date, along with a substantial list of the recent literature on each component. The chapter concludes with a discussion of obstacles yet to be overcome to enable building of such a system.
Describing progress achieved in the field of nonlinear optics and nonlinear optical materials, the Handbook treats selected topics such as photorefractive materials, third-order nonlinear optical materials and organic nonlinear optical crystals, as well as electro-optic polymers. Applications of photorefractive materials in optical memories, optical processing, and guided-wave nonlinear optics in hotorefractive waveguides are described. As light will play a more and more dominant role as an information carrier, the review of existing and new materials given here makes this a keystone book in the field.
Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials provides an extensive description of the preparation and characterization of organic materials for applications in nonlinear and electro-optics. The book discusses the fundamental optimization and practical limitations of a number of figures of merit for various optical parameters and gives a clinical appraisal of the potential of organic materials for applicators in optical technology. Among the topics addressed are the basic molecular design of ;nonlinear optical chromophores, fundamentals and novel techniques of organic crystal growth, preparation and characterization of Langmuir-Blodgett and polymer films, experimental methods for determining microscopic and macroscopic optical properties. Also included is a discussion of first results of the photorefractive effect in organic crystals and the potential of organics for photorefractive applications, as well as an extensive review of published linear and nonlinear optical measurement of organic materials.
Nonlinear optical phenomena can be exploited in advanced devices for transport, processing, and storage of information. These are needed as the present-day approach - mainly using on electron-based technology - faces the challenges of increasing demand on bandwidth and processing speed. A key role in the development of nonlinear devices is the availability of novel materials with the required nonlinear optical properties. With such materials, scientific creativity and careful design, promising concepts have been developed resulting in the demonstration of devices. This book contains the proceedings of NOIS 2000 (Nonlinear Optics for the Information Society) Annual Meeting of the COST Action P2, held at the University of Twente, in Enschede, The Netherlands, on 26-27 October, 2000. It comprises a selection of the presentations at the meeting, reporting state-of-the-art research and developments in the field of applications of nonlinear phenomena in information technology.
Mathematical methods play a significant role in the rapidly growing field of nonlinear optical materials. This volume discusses a number of successful or promising contributions. The overall theme of this volume is twofold: (1) the challenges faced in computing and optimizing nonlinear optical material properties; and (2) the exploitation of these properties in important areas of application. These include the design of optical amplifiers and lasers, as well as novel optical switches. Research topics in this volume include how to exploit the magnetooptic effect, how to work with the nonlinear optical response of materials, how to predict laser-induced breakdown in efficient optical devices, and how to handle electron cloud distortion in femtosecond processes.