[PDF] National Security Panics eBook

Author : Jane Kellett Cramer
Publisher :
Page : 427 pages
File Size : 35,76 MB
Release : 2002
Category :
ISBN :

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(Cont.) Uncertainty was found to be a significant "permissive condition" for the misperceptions of 1960-but uncertainty was highest just after Sputnik in 1957, and sharply decreased by 1960, yet public fear increased and peaked in 1960. There was no significant uncertainty in the 1980 panic--uncertainty is not a necessary condition for panic. Psychological hypotheses were not detected playing a role in causing these panics. Leaders private deliberations were examined and did not exhibit the patterns of reasoning predicted by these theories (e.g. leaders were aware of provoking the threat). National misperceptions guide policy and shape many leaders' beliefs through "blowback" and psychological post hoc rationaliztion. These large, important misperceptions are rooted in domestic politics, while international relations scholars focus on psychological and rational reasons for misperceptions. The study of misperceptions in international relations needs to be re-oriented.

Author : Jane K. Cramer
Publisher : Routledge Global Security Studies
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 10,97 MB
Release : 2014-04-30
Category : History
ISBN : 9780415693028

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This book examines 'national security panics' that led to major U.S. foreign policy shifts. A national security panic is a period when the public was gripped by a widespread fear of imminent threat from an enemy allegedly bent on the destruction of the United States, yet with hindsight, the public fears are known to be based on highly inaccurate portrayals of the actual military threat at the time. The book argues that scholars should try to understand these periods of public fear because they have had major policy consequences. The sources of these fears is much disputed, even though they are known, with hindsight, to have been based on highly inaccurate views of the actual threats at the time. The author examines four key cases: the 'Red Juggernaut' panic (c. 1950), the 'Missile Gap' panic (c. 1960), the 'Window of Vulnerability' panic (c. 1980) and the 'Iraq WMD' panic (c. 2003), and tests three groups of hypotheses about the sources of these widespread public fears: (1) Were these fears rooted in intelligence failures? (2) were these public fears largely caused by psychological biases among decision makers? (3) Or were these fears caused by intentional threat inflation by political actors? Unlike other works, this volume explores all these competing explanations within and across multiple cases, side-by-side. In the end, contrary to the explanations of many others, the author finds that the root sources of these public fears is primarily intentional threat inflation by political actors. It also demonstrates that in two of cases, the intentional threat inflation was led by challengers to the executive branch, indicating that even though executive branch power is vast, it is not the necessary condition many scholars contend that it is. This book will be of much interest to students of US national security, US foreign policy, US politics, Cold War studies, and IR/Security Studies in general.

Author : Keven G. Ruby
Publisher :
Page : 214 pages
File Size : 19,74 MB
Release : 2012
Category :
ISBN : 9781267472779

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Why do states sometimes treat the public's response to threats as itself a threat to national security? Even as the external threats facing the United States have changed over time – from the Soviet Union to "terrorists of global reach" – the threat to national security posed by a fearful public has remained a recurring worry occupying the attention of policymakers at the highest levels of government. While the literature in IR and security – realist, liberal, and constructivist – generally assumes the public's fear of a threat to be essential for state survival, fear is a double edged sword. Drawing on Hobbesian state theory, I argue that public fear will be treated by the state as a threat when the object and intensity of the public's fears does not align with the state's understanding of the threat environment. This enables a challenge from below to the state's national security priorities and policies, prompting state intervention. When the public does not sufficiently fear a threat the state intends to mobilize against, the state will counteract "complacency" with fearmongering. Conversely, when the public fears a threat that the state is either unwilling or unable to address directly, the state seeks to counteract "panic" through reassurance. Because both public complacency and panic undermine state autonomy, the state has a compelling interest in managing whether and how existential emergencies rise to the top of the public agenda. The dissertation investigates the role of public fear in the shaping of national security priorities and policies in two case studies, the Eisenhower administration's response to Sputnik and the Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The cases show that managing public fear – the public relations of security – is central to how state's conduct national security and a core logic of government.

Author : National Defense University (U S )
Publisher : Government Printing Office
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 24,39 MB
Release : 2011-12-27
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN :

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On August 24-25, 2010, the National Defense University held a conference titled “Economic Security: Neglected Dimension of National Security?” to explore the economic element of national power. This special collection of selected papers from the conference represents the view of several keynote speakers and participants in six panel discussions. It explores the complexity surrounding this subject and examines the major elements that, interacting as a system, define the economic component of national security.

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 23,3 MB
Release : 2003-08-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0309167922

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The Oklahoma City bombing, intentional crashing of airliners on September 11, 2001, and anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001 have made Americans acutely aware of the impacts of terrorism. These events and continued threats of terrorism have raised questions about the impact on the psychological health of the nation and how well the public health infrastructure is able to meet the psychological needs that will likely result. Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism highlights some of the critical issues in responding to the psychological needs that result from terrorism and provides possible options for intervention. The committee offers an example for a public health strategy that may serve as a base from which plans to prevent and respond to the psychological consequences of a variety of terrorism events can be formulated. The report includes recommendations for the training and education of service providers, ensuring appropriate guidelines for the protection of service providers, and developing public health surveillance for preevent, event, and postevent factors related to psychological consequences.

Author : Thomas P. Vartanian
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 462 pages
File Size : 40,71 MB
Release : 2021-05-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1633886719

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From 1819 to COVID-19, 200 Years of American Financial Panics offers a comprehensive historical account of financial panics in America. Through a meticulous dissection of historical events and the benefit of his experience handling many of the country’s largest bank failures, Thomas P. Vartanian reveals why so many more devastating financial crises have occurred in America than nearly every other country in the world. Vartanian provides extensive evidence of how the collision of policy-driven government actions and profit-oriented business performance have disrupted market equilibrium and made the U.S. system of financial oversight less effective and more susceptible to missing the signs of future financial crises, including policies that: imposed tariffs and chartered dozens of poorly regulated, uncapitalized state banks that facilitated panics in the 19th century; created ambivalence over whether gold, silver or paper money should be the preeminent form of payment, creating the perfect conditions for the depression of 1893; kept interest rates low to assist the central banks in England, Germany and France, allowing an overheated U.S. stock market to shift into overdrive and crash in 1929; planted the seeds of the S&L crisis more than twenty years before when Congress imposed artificial limits on deposit interest rates and the states capped mortgage interest rates to increase homeownership; pressured banks in the 1990’s to increase mortgage lending to increase home ownership while the Fed engaged in loose monetary policies, adding fuel to the greatest economic crisis since the Great Depression. 200 Years of American Financial Panics dissects financial crises in a way not attempted before, concluding that the pyramid of governmental oversight intended to foster economic safety and stability has been turned on its head to its detriment. Vartanian provides readers with a unique list of practical solutions. Most importantly, his analysis of financial technology, from artificial intelligence and Big Data to cryptocurrencies and quantum computing, forecasts how financial markets and government regulation will change. 200 Years of American Financial Panics is a must read for anyone that wants to understand their money, financial markets, and how they are going to change in the future.

Author : Loch K. Johnson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 903 pages
File Size : 22,91 MB
Release : 2010-03-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0199888477

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The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence is a state-of-the-art work on intelligence and national security. Edited by Loch Johnson, one of the world's leading authorities on the subject, the handbook examines the topic in full, beginning with an examination of the major theories of intelligence. It then shifts its focus to how intelligence agencies operate, how they collect information from around the world, the problems that come with transforming "raw" information into credible analysis, and the difficulties in disseminating intelligence to policymakers. It also considers the balance between secrecy and public accountability, and the ethical dilemmas that covert and counterintelligence operations routinely present to intelligence agencies. Throughout, contributors factor in broader historical and political contexts that are integral to understanding how intelligence agencies function in our information-dominated age.

Author : Sean Patrick Hier
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 261 pages
File Size : 42,53 MB
Release : 2011
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0415555566

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This collection of essays examines the importance of moral panic as a routine feature of everyday life, and important for identity formation, national security, industrial risk, and character formation.

Author : William M. Isaac
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 22,30 MB
Release : 2012-06-25
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1118473191

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The truth about the 2008 economic crisis from a Washington insider The 1980s opened with the prime interest rate at an astonishing 21.5 percent, leading to a severe recession with unemployment reaching nearly 11 percent. Depression-like conditions befell the country, the entire thrift industry was badly insolvent and the major money center banks were loaded with third world debt. Some 3,000 bank and thrifts failed, including nine of Texas’ ten largest, and Continental Illinois, which, at the time, was the seventh largest bank in the nation. These severe conditions were not only handled without creating a panic, the economy actually embarked on the longest peacetime expansion in history. In Senseless Panic: How Washington Failed America, William M. Isaac, Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) during the banking and S&L crises of the 1980s, details what was different about 2008’s meltdown that allowed the failure of a comparative handful of institutions to nearly shut down the world’s financial system. The book also tells the rousing story of Isaac’s time at the FDIC. Details the mistakes that led to the panic of 2008 and 2009 An updated paperback revision of the bestselling book on the 2008 economic crisis, including a fascinating new Epilogue Demystifies the conditions America faced in 2008 Provides a road map for avoiding similar shutdowns and panics in the future Includes a foreword by Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker Senseless Panic is a provocative, quick-paced, and thoughtful analysis of what went wrong with the nation's banking system, a blunt indictment of United States policy, and a road map for making sure it doesn’t happen again.