[PDF] Modeling Mass Transfer And Assessing Cost And Performance Of A Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membrane Process eBook

Author : David T. Yonge
Publisher :
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 12,84 MB
Release : 2016
Category :
ISBN :

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Bench-scale water treatment testing of three next generation hollow-fiber (HF) nanofiltration (NF) membranes was conducted to characterize divalent ion rejection capabilities and investigate removal mechanisms. Existing mathematical models were investigated to describe solute transport using synthetic magnesium sulfate solutions including the size exclusion model, homogenous solution diffusion (HSD) model, dimensional analysis, and the HSD model incorporating film theory. Solute transport for two of the membranes were described by HSD theory and were predictive of their 90% divalent ion removal. A third membrane was more accurately modeled using size exclusion and was found to be predictive of its 40% divalent ion rejection. Feed ionic strength variation was shown to significantly impact rejection. In this work, semi-empirical models were developed to describe solute transport under varying feed ionic strength conditions. Bench-scale testing of aerated groundwater confirmed the HFNF membrane divalent ion rejection capabilities. Pilot testing of a commercially available HFNF membrane was shown to remove divalent ions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 10% and 25%, respectively. Financial evaluations indicated that HFNF offered cost savings over traditional spiral-wound (SW) NF, $0.60/kgal versus $0.85/kgal operating costs, respectively. Traditional SWNF membranes produced superior water quality achieving 90% divalent ion removal and 96% DOC removal but required media and membrane filtration pretreatment. When considering the costs of constructing a new 2 million gallon per day (permeate) HFNF process, conceptual cost comparisons revealed that HFNF technologies could reduce capital costs by approximately $1 million, and operating costs by $0.27/kgal for an 85% recovery plant.

Author : Patricia Luis
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 374 pages
File Size : 18,68 MB
Release : 2018-06-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 0128134844

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Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems: Membrane and Process Performance summarizes the state-of-the-art modeling approaches for all significant membrane processes, from molecular transport, to process level, helping researchers and students who carry out experimental research save time and accurately interpret experimental data. The book provides an overview of the different membrane technologies, handling micro-, ultra-, and nanofiltration, reverse and forward osmosis, pervaporation, gas permeation, supported liquid membranes, membrane contactors, membrane bioreactors and ion-exchange membrane systems. Examples of hybrid membrane systems are also included. Presents an accessible reference on how to model membranes and membrane processes Provides a clear, mathematical description of mass transfer in membrane systems Written by well-known, prominent authors in the field of membrane science

Author : Gamze Artug
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 15,69 MB
Release : 2007-12-07
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 3736924461

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Nanofiltration (NF) is a relatively recent membrane process and offers a plethora of application areas due to its selective removal for ions and removal of organic matter above 200 g/mol molar mass. Application fields enlarged substantially in the last 25 years. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for process design and optimisation tools. Therefore, current research studiesfocus on a better understanding of mass transport phenomenon as well as the application and enhancement of the existing models to the real process streams. In this thesis work, characterisation of NF membranes and investigations of their mass transport phenomenon through both experimental and modelling studies were of concern. For these purposes, flat sheet samples of four commercially available membranes were selected. Since the performance of a NF membrane is related to its structural and charge properties, membrane characterisation studies by microscopy, contact angle and electrokinetic measurements were conducted. A systematic experimental program was applied covering a wide spectrum of feed streams concerning both charged and uncharged solutes. Particularly charged streams regarding single salts and their mixtures were emphasised. Moreover, the effects of the operating conditions and the solution pH on membrane performances were investigated. Standard performance characterisation experiments, consisting of pure water permeability, organic and single salt rejection measurements, gave initial information on the membrane charge and performance characteristics. In mixture solutions of salts, distinctive behaviours of membranes to different ion types at different combinations were observed. Furthermore, artificial seawater experiments were conducted in order to determine the convenience of the considered NF membranes for this recently recognised process as an intensification step in the pre-treatment of seawater. A practical tool was developed for the performance description and prediction purposes. For this purpose, currently available models were scrutinized. A physical model, based on extended Nernst-Planck equation describing mass transport through membrane active layer in conjunction with different partition equations at membrane and bulk interfaces, was built. Some modelling parameters were obtained either directly from the characterisation data or by applying some other straightforward models using experimental data. For the latter purpose, Fortran 90 programming code was used. As the programming efforts increase with the number of components in the feed stream, an equation based software Comsol Multiphysics was utilised. Herewith, model could be applied straightforwardly to multicomponents streams. Simulations were conducted systematically started from single salts, extended to salt mixtures and finally for seawater. A good agreement between experimental and simulation results were obtained. Suggestions were made to improve both the predictive ability and the reliability of the model. Incorporating the predictive model with system economics in a case study indicated that such an approach enables determining the optimum operating conditions and selecting the most appropriate membrane characteristics for the regarding process.

Author : Carlyn J. Higgins
Publisher :
Page : 194 pages
File Size : 14,40 MB
Release : 2020
Category :
ISBN :

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An investigation of 1,4-dioxane and enantiomeric ibuprofen mass transfer in a nanofiltration (NF) membrane process has been completed. Pilot-scale experiments using a 267 gallon per minute (gpm) split-feed, center-port NF process treating pH 6.5 groundwater revealed a consistent 12 percent removal of 1,4-dioxane despite the variable feed concentration (180 nanograms per liter (ng/L) to 38,400 ng/L) when the water flux and temperature were held constant. Bench-scale, flat-sheet NF membrane experiments treating pH 4.0 synthetic water displayed a 34.5 to 49.5 percent removal of racemic ibuprofen. Removal values were dependent on feedwater concentration (1 to 1,500 microgram per liter ([microgram]/L)), pH, pressure, and water matrix. Although 1,4-dioxane was not found to exhibit adsorptive tendencies, as much as 25 percent of racemic ibuprofen adsorbed onto the metal surfaces of the testing equipment. Mass balances determined that ibuprofen’s S-enantiomer was primarily responsible for the adsorption. Density functional theory (DFT) computations exposed a 6.4 cubic angstrom (ų) smaller molecular volume and 1.10 x 10−29 coulomb-meters (Debye) longer dipole moment of S-ibuprofen than R-ibuprofen, which could explain the S-enantiomers stronger affinity to stainless-steel equipment components. The rejection of S-ibuprofen was consistently greater than R-ibuprofen, postulated by the dissimilar polarity of the two molecules outlined by DFT calculations. Feedwater ibuprofen concentration, pH, and operating pressure affected ibuprofen adsorption onto the equipment and membrane components. Contact angle measurements revealed a direct relationship between membrane hydrophobicity and adsorbed ibuprofen concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms accurately modeled S-ibuprofen adsorption. Therefore, at least 24 hours of equilibration is required prior to conducting hydrophobic solute membrane rejection studies. Additionally, application of the Homogeneous Solution Diffusion Model (HSDM) was found to provide accurate predictions of 1,4-dioxane and R-ibuprofen permeate content based on statistical analysis; however, the model was less predictive for the S-enantiomer due to adsorptive tendencies of the molecule.

Author : Thirugnanasambandham Karchiyappan
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 478 pages
File Size : 46,52 MB
Release : 2022-04-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 3030982025

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This book provides an overview of recent advances in technologies for water treatment processes, such as green technology, nano-adsorbents, photocatalysts, advanced oxidation, membranes separation and sustainable technologies. Advances in membrane technology and fabrication process is presented in detail. Latest approaches like microbial treatment, electro chemical and solar energy-based treatment techniques were presented. Also, the use of sustainable and energy efficient approaches were discussed.· The book presents the negative impact of inorganic and organic pollutants on the natural environment and human health. It describes and discussing the advanced membrane technologies, novel green adsorbents, microbial treatment techniques, electro chemical and solar based removal techniques It also compares the most effective methods of removing toxic contaminants from water solutions with the use of sustainable and energy efficient approaches It also presents the life cycle assessment of emerging technologies in industrial wastewater treatment and desalination as well as presents the benchmarking of energy efficiency during treatment process

Author : Lau Woei Jye
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 11,13 MB
Release : 2016-12-19
Category : Science
ISBN : 1498751393

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Covering fabrication, characterization, and applications nanofiltration (NF) membranes, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of NF membrane technology over the past decade. It uniquely covers a variety of fabrication techniques, comparing the procedures of each technique to produce polymeric membranes of different morphologies. The book also discusses advances in the materials used in thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane fabrication and their influences on properties with respect to structural and separation characteristics. A comprehensive review on NF characterization methods and techniques is provided, assessing physical and chemical properties and separation characteristics and stability. Technical challenges in fabricating a new generation of NF membranes are also reviewed and the possible approaches to overcome the challenges are provided. The book concludes with relevant case studies on the use of NF membranes in industrial implementation of both aqueous and nonaqueous media. Details the latest progress on the fabrication techniques of asymmetric and composite NF membranes. Discusses characterization methods used in assessing membrane physical/chemical properties, separation characteristics, and performance stability. Describes the potential of advanced materials in improving properties of polyamide selective layer as well as microporous substrate. Reviews the technical challenges in fabricating a new generation of composite membrane—thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane—possible approaches to overcome challenges. Offers case studies on the applications of NF membranes for both aqueous and nonaqueous media.

Author :
Publisher :
Page : 574 pages
File Size : 24,82 MB
Release : 1987
Category : Electronic journals
ISBN :

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Monthly. Papers presented at recent meeting held all over the world by scientific, technical, engineering and medical groups. Sources are meeting programs and abstract publications, as well as questionnaires. Arranged under 17 subject sections, 7 of direct interest to the life scientist. Full programs of meetings listed under sections. Entry gives citation number, paper title, name, mailing address, and any ordering number assigned. Quarterly and annual indexes to subjects, authors, and programs (not available in monthly issues).

Author : Anil K. Pabby
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 36,91 MB
Release : 2020-11-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 0429677456

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This book on hollow fiber contractors presents an up-to-date compilation of the latest developments and milestones in this membrane technology. Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors: Module Fabrication, Design and Operation, and Potential Applications provides a comprehensive discussion of hollow fiber membrane applications (including a few case studies) in biotechnology, chemical, food, and nuclear engineering. The chapters in this book have been classified using the following, based on different ways of contacting fluids with each other: Gas-liquid contacting; Liquid-liquid contacting; Supported liquid membrane; Supported gas membrane; Fluid-fluid contacting. Other features include: Discusses using non-dispersive solvent extraction, hollow fiber strip dispersion, hollow fiber supported liquid membranes and role of process intensification in integrated use of these processes Provides technical and economic perspectives with several case studies related to specific scenarios Demonstrates module fabrication, design, operation and maintenance of hollow fiber contactors for different applications and performance Presents discussion on newer concepts like membrane emulsification, membrane nanoprecipitation, membrane crystallization and membrane condenser Special focus on emerging areas such as the use of hollow fiber contactor in back end of nuclear fuel cycle, membrane distillation, dehumidification of air and gas absorption and stripping Discusses theoretical analysis including computational modeling of different hollow fiber membrane processes, and presents emphasis on newly developed area of hollow fiber membrane based analytical techniques Presents discussion on upcoming area dealing with hollow fiber contactors-based technology in fermentation and enzymatic transformation and in chiral separations This book is equally suited for newcomers to the field, as well as for engineers and scientists that have basic knowledge in this field but are interested in obtaining more information about specific future applications.

Author : Richard W. Baker
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 555 pages
File Size : 38,39 MB
Release : 2004-04-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0470020385

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This A to Z guide to membrane science, technology, and applicationsprovides comprehensive coverage of membrane preparation, modules,and transport theory. Highly illustrated with comprehensive andcurrent reference listings, the resource provides practical usesand how-to's for a broad range of application areas. Single author work presenting a unified treatment Comprehensive coverage of membrane preparation, modules andtransport theory A 'how-to' book giving practical advice Highly illustrated with comprehensive and current referencelistings