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This book describes a novel approach for the design of embedded systems and industrial automation systems, using a unified model-driven approach that is applicable in both domains. The authors illustrate their methodology, using the IEC 61499 standard as the main vehicle for specification, verification, static timing analysis and automated code synthesis. The well-known synchronous approach is used as the main vehicle for defining an unambiguous semantics that ensures determinism and deadlock freedom. The proposed approach also ensures very efficient implementations either on small-scale embedded devices or on industry-scale programmable automation controllers (PACs). It can be used for both centralized and distributed implementations. Significantly, the proposed approach can be used without the need for any run-time support. This approach, for the first time, blurs the gap between embedded systems and automation systems and can be applied in wide-ranging applications in automotive, robotics, and industrial control systems. Several realistic examples are used to demonstrate for readers how the methodology can enable them to reduce the time-to-market, while improving the design quality and productivity.
In the domain of automation and control systems, the increasing use of decentralization in system architecture and the exponential growth of control complexity are drastically shifting the traditional monolithic centralized control design paradigm towards the reconfigurable distributed control engineering approaches. This trend is also reflected in the development of the IEC 61499 standard for industrial process measurement and control systems. Although the IEC 61499 standard proposes an open, component-oriented, and platform-independent software development framework for distributed automation and control systems, its industrial recognition and practice are quite limited due to the fact that apart from the design complexity of distributed systems, several core software engineering aspects of the standard are unfamiliar to most industrial practitioners and the new engineering paradigm's practical benefits are unclear to them either. This thesis addresses these problems by proposing a model-driven engineering methodology for the modelling and generation of distributed automation intelligence. It is aimed to provide a high-level development approach of distributed control systems and the corresponding simulation model generation using IEC 61499. The prerequisites to achieve this goal are: a systematic modelling methodology, a flexible model generator, and a generic data exchange mechanism. In this thesis, automation and control systems are hierarchically modelled based on the concept of Intelligent Mechatronic Component (IMC). Each IMC is implemented as a set of IEC 61499 function blocks following the Model-View-Controller design pattern to enable closed-loop model simulation. To precisely synchronize the control logic distributed over the IMC hierarchy, the Time-Complemented Event-Driven control architecture is proposed. A knowledge-based model generator is developed to automate the generation of IMC models based on the design specifications of the automation and control systems. Finally, an XML-based mark-up language, IMCML, is designed to realize data unification among the heterogeneous tools and to support seamless data exchange during the proposed model-driven engineering process. A set of prototype tools has been developed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the methodologies presented in this thesis. The tool set includes an IMCML editor and an IMC model generator for airport baggage handling systems, which can be easily extended and applied for the more general material handling systems. It has been shown that the ideas presented in this thesis are beneficial for existing development process and viable for practical industrial applications.
This book provides a concise introduction to the main concepts and models defined in the standard for modelling distributed control systems for use in factory automation.
Distributed Control Applications: Guidelines, Design Patterns, and Application Examples with the IEC 61499 discusses the IEC 61499 reference architecture for distributed and reconfigurable control and its adoption by industry. The book provides design patterns, application guidelines, and rules for designing distributed control applications based on the IEC 61499 reference model. Moreover, examples from various industrial domains and laboratory environments are introduced and explored.
The conference proceedings of: International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Technology & Automation (IETA 05) International Conference on Telecommunications and Networking (TeNe 05) International Conference on Engineering Education, Instructional Technology, Assessment, and E-learning (EIAE 05) include a set of rigorously reviewed world-class manuscripts addressing and detailing state-of-the-art research projects in the areas of: Industrial Electronics, Technology and Automation, Telecommunications, Networking, Engineering Education, Instructional Technology and e-Learning. The three conferences, (IETA 05, TENE 05 and EIAE 05) were part of the International Joint Conference on Computer, Information, and System Sciences, and Engineering (CISSE 2005). CISSE 2005, the World's first Engineering/Computing and Systems Research E-Conference was the first high-caliber Research Conference in the world to be completely conducted online in real-time via the internet. CISSE received 255 research paper submissions and the final program included 140 accepted papers, from more than 45 countries. The whole concept and format of CISSE 2005 was very exciting and ground-breaking. The powerpoint presentations, final paper manuscripts and time schedule for live presentations over the web had been available for 3 weeks prior to the start of the conference for all registrants, so they could pick and choose the presentations they want to attend and think about questions that they might want to ask. The live audio presentations were also recorded and are part of the permanent CISSE archive, which includes all power point presentations, papers and recorded presentations. All aspects of the conference were managed on-line; not only the reviewing, submissions and registration processes; but also the actual conference. Conference participants - authors, presenters and attendees - only needed an internet connection and sound available on their computers in order to be able to contribute and participate in this international ground-breaking conference. The on-line structure of this high-quality event allowed academic professionals and industry participants to contribute work and attend world-class technical presentations based on rigorously refereed submissions, live, without the need for investing significant travel funds or time out of the office. Suffice to say that CISSE received submissions from more than 50 countries, for whose researchers, this opportunity presented a much more affordable, dynamic and well-planned event to attend and submit their work to, versus a classic, on-the-ground conference. The CISSE conference audio room provided superb audio even over low speed internet connections, the ability to display PowerPoint presentations, and cross-platform compatibility (the conferencing software runs on Windows, Mac, and any other operating system that supports Java). In addition, the conferencing system allowed for an unlimited number of participants, which in turn granted CISSE the opportunity to allow all participants to attend all presentations, as opposed to limiting the number of available seats for each session. The implemented conferencing technology, starting with the submission & review system and ending with the online conferencing capability, allowed CISSE to conduct a very high quality, fulfilling event for all participants. See: www.cissee2005.org, sections: IETA, TENE, EIAE
Distributed Control Applications: Guidelines, Design Patterns, and Application Examples with the IEC 61499 discusses the IEC 61499 reference architecture for distributed and reconfigurable control and its adoption by industry. The book provides design patterns, application guidelines, and rules for designing distributed control applications based on the IEC 61499 reference model. Moreover, examples from various industrial domains and laboratory environments are introduced and explored.
The IEC 61499 standard was developed to model distributed control systems. This book introduces the main concepts and models defined in the IEC 61499 standard, particularly the use of function blocks, covering service interface function blocks, event function blocks, industrial application examples, and future development. The book is written as a user guide for the application of the standard for modeling distributed systems, and will useful for those working in industrial control, software engineering, and manufacturing systems. Lewis is the UK expert on two IEC working groups. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.
Industrial automation systems are complex control systems that perform control and automation of hazardous plants. Safety of such systems is of paramount importance and may even be mandated by law. Safety-related systems may be required to demonstrate conformance to an applicable functional safety standards to assure safety and demonstrate the that these systems mitigate the risk to human lives, as much as reasonably possible. IEC 61508 is a standard of functional safety for generic electric, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) systems and is used as the principal guide in this thesis. IEC 61508 adopts a two-pronged approach for addressing random failures in the hardware and systematic errors in the software. Random failures are addressed using quantitative techniques for reliability analysis e.g., reliability block diagrams and Markov analysis, and by computing the safe failure fraction to establish a confidence level. Systematic errors, on the other hand, are avoided by following quality assurance recommendations and qualitative validation techniques. However, this segregated application of quantitative and qualitative approaches is inadequate for addressing complexities introduced by software-intensive control systems. Furthermore, the manual application of traditional safety analysis techniques is tedious, error-prone, and largely dependent on practitioners' skills. In order to ameliorate these problems, a model-driven approach towards safety analysis named, model-based safety assessment (MBSA) was proposed, which has gained significant interest in academia and industry in the recent years. MBSA approaches use system models for the purpose of safety analysis such as extracting fault trees, performing quantitative analysis, or discovering a critical sequence of errors that may cause system failures. MBSA can be performed on either by using dedicated safety models or by using system development models. The latter approach allows seamless integration with model-driven development (MDD), which is the state-of-the-art for design, implementation and validation of control and automation systems. In MDD, high-level system models are constructed that are iteratively refined by adding details until an implementation of the system software can be automatically extracted from the development models using automatic code generation. One such approach for implementing industrial control systems uses IEC 61499, which is an open standard for implementing industrial process controller and measurement systems. It proposes various design artefacts e.g., basic and composite function blocks and enables a component-oriented design approach for implementing complex behaviours i.e., by connecting function blocks to form function block networks. A popular design pattern for the development of IEC 61499 based systems suggests the implementation of two separate tiers called plant-model and controller. The plantmodel mimics the expected behaviour of the plant and the controller implements the automation logic. When connected in a closed-loop, the overall system model is formed that is used for various verification and validation activities such as formal verification, testing, simulation. Such analyses are well-suited for safety-critical systems and help to avoid systematic errors. However, plant-models are also susceptible to random errors, which cannot be analysed by using qualitative techniques alone. Unfortunately, all existing validation and verification techniques available for IEC 61499 based systems are qualitative in nature, which cannot be used for the purpose of quantitative risk assessment. This calls for developing an approach for the quantitative safety assessment of IEC 61499 based systems. In this thesis, we present an MBSA approach for quantitative risk assessment of industrial automation systems using IEC 61499. The presented approach proposes a novel structure named stochastic function block for modelling stochastic aspects of random failures and environmental non-determinism in the plant-model. The controller, on the other hand, is developed using standard IEC 61499 function blocks. The overall system model is transformed into Markov decision processes in the Prism language for probabilistic verification using the Prism model checker. This enables quantitative analysis of the system behaviour presuming software behaviour under random errors of the plant. The controller is eventually used for automatic code generation and deployment onto the physical plant. Use of standard function blocks for the controller renders the proposed technique complaint to the IEC 61499 standard and permit seamless integration into the MDD activities. The key contributions of the presented work are as following. 1) A novel structure based on IEC 61499 basic function blocks named stochastic function block. This structure is used for representing the random errors in the plant model and environmental non-determinism. 2) A rule-based transformation from IEC 61499 function blocks to Prism model that preserves the adopted synchronous execution semantics. The generated Prism model is a Markov decision process that represents the probabilistic and non-deterministic aspects of the system due to its random errors. 3) A scalable MBSA approach for a unified qualitative and quantitative analysis, which is useful in the early design validation and managing modifications in system design. 4) An MDE tool-chain named BlokIDE, which provides support for the proposed stochastic function blocks and automatic translation to the Prism language. This enables stochastic error modelling and integration with the Prism model checker for the purpose of proposed MBSA approach. 5) A proposal for conforming to IEC 61508 requirements using IEC 61499 modelbased approach, showing various specification and design various stages of the V-Model. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed approach is the very first attempt for providing a model-based safety assessment approach for industrial automation systems using IEC 61499 along with a comprehensive tool-chain.
IEC 61499 is the standard for distributed control systems that follows on from the IEC 61131 standard for programmable logic controllers (PLC). This book is a practical guide for component-based development of distributed embedded and control systems as proposed by this international standard.
Die Entwicklung eingebetteter Systeme wird aufgrund der immer anspruchsvolleren Anwendungen sowie der Verwendung von leistungsfähigeren Hardware-Architekturen (z.B. Multicore-, Hybrid-Systeme) immer komplexer. Modellgetriebene Methoden reduzieren die Komplexität des Systems mittels angemessenen Abstraktionsniveaus. Diese Arbeit stellt die modellgetriebene Entwicklungsmethodik DMOSES (Determi-nistische Modelle für die signalverarbeitenden eingebetteten Systeme) vor. Diese Methodik strebt die Verbesserung der Entwicklung hybrider eingebetteten Systeme (z.B. CPUs und FPGAs) hinsichtlich der Komplexität mittels anpassbarer Abstraktionseben, automatischer Codegenerierung und Systemverifikation an. Systeme werden mittels UML-Verhaltensmodelle spezifiziert, deren erweiterte Semantik relevante funktionale und nicht-funktionale Aspekte hybrider eingebetteten Systemen beschreibt. Eine anpassbare Abstraktionsebene wird durch die Integration von automatischer Code-Generierung und optimierbarem Code erreicht. Außerdem werden Sicherheitsanforderungen durch die Integration von Analysetechniken (Formale Verifikation, Ausführungszeit-Analyse und Software-Verträgen) in die Entwicklungsmethodik verifiziert.