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This book focuses on the recent trends in micro- and nano-structured polymer systems, particularly natural polymers, biopolymers, biomaterials, and their composites, blends, and IPNs. This valuable volume covers the occurrence, synthesis, isolation, production, properties and applications, modification, as well as the relevant analysis techniques t
Many nanostructured materials have been and are being prepared with increasing control over molecular configurations, conformations, and supramolecular assembly. These nanomaterials place an increasing challenge for characterization techniques to confirm the proposed structure and morphology. Several techniques are widely available, with increasing degrees of sophistication. Ideal techniques are those where the natural scale of the technique, such as radiation wavelength, matches that of the size scale of features in the material. In the case of nanostructured polymer blends the features are dispersed polymer phases, filler particles, and interphases. Immediately electron microscopies and X-ray techniques are apparent. Adaptions of these and related techniques extend their capabilities for the nano range. In addition to experimental observations, methods for quantifying the images or data are needed for comparison between materials and modeling via theoretical equations, which in the limit may become molecular modeling. As needs arise instruments have been improved in detection, resolution, accuracy, and precision. Development of any nanomaterial requires support from a suite of increasingly capable instrumentation. This review concentrates on techniques that directly probe nanostructures with mention of related techniques that apply to any dimension scale, though provide important secondary data.
Micro- and Nanostructured Multiphase Polymer Blend Systems: Phase Morphology and Interfaces focuses on the formation of phase morphology in polymer blends and copolymers and considers various types of blends including thermosets, thermoplastics, thermoplastic vulcanizates, and structured copolymers. The book carefully debates the processing
The design of polymer blends constitutes an interesting alternative to obtaining micro- and nanostructured surfaces. The cost is reasonable and it is free from time-consuming procedures. Blending of polymers can yield materials with unprecedented properties that cannot be provided otherwise by using a single polymer. The free surface topography of polymer blend films, often related to phase domain structure, is critical to the applications. Two main aspects need to be considered in the preparation of multistructured blends: the interfaces involved and the morphology to be obtained. The control of these two aspects depends further on materials-related parameters involving the composition of the blend, the interfacial tension or viscosity ratio, and the processing conditions related to the temperature, time, or intensity of mixing, among others. Both domain structure and topography of the blend films have garnered increasing interest over the past decade. This chapter describes the nanomicrostructures formed at the polymer surface from polymer blends. Despite the crucial role that surfaces play in the final application of the material, up to now most of the studies concerning polymer blends have been related to the control of the mechanical properties (toughness, stiffness, thermal expansion, etc.), their barrier properties, or the electrical conductivity. This chapter focuses on the analysis of the structured polymer surfaces and thin films, giving an overview of the role of these structures on the final application. The principles of phase separation and the resulting structures formed are briefly discussed, followed by a wide overview of the possibilities of producing stimuli-responsive interfaces by introducing, among other things, pH- or temperature-responsive polymers within the blend. Finally, we look at how using particular preparation conditions and/or self-assembly of block copolymers, the formation of films and surfaces with hierarchical order length-scales can be induced. We also examine the main areas in which multiscale-ordered interfaces obtained from polymer blends have been applied.
Design and Applications of Nanostructured Polymer Blend and Nanocomposite Systems offers readers an intelligent, thorough introduction to the design and applications of this new generation of designer polymers with customized properties. The book assembles and covers, in a unified way, the state-of-the-art developments of this less explored type of material. With a focus on nanostructured polymer blends, the book discusses the science of nanostructure formation and the potential performance benefits of nanostructured polymer blends and composites for applications across many sectors: electronics, coatings, adhesives, energy (photovoltaics), aerospace, automotive, and medical devices (biocompatible polymers). The book also describes the design, morphology, and structure of nanostructured polymer composites and blends to achieve specific properties. Covers all important information for designing and selecting the right nanostructured polymer system Provides specialized knowledge on self-repairing, nanofibre and nanostructured multiphase materials, as well as evaluation and testing of nanostructured polymer systems Serves as a reference guide for development of new products in industries ranging from electronics, coatings, and energy, to transport and medical applications Describes the design, morphology, and structure of nanostructured polymer composites and blends to achieve specific properties
This book examines the current state of the art, new challenges, opportunities, and applications of IPNs. With contributions from experts across the globe, this survey is an outstanding resource reference for anyone involved in the field of polymer materials design for advanced technologies. • Comprehensively summarizes many of the recent technical research accomplishments in the area of micro and nanostructured Interpenetrating Polymer Networks • Discusses various aspects of synthesis, characterization, structure, morphology, modelling, properties, and applications of IPNs • Describes how nano-structured IPNs correlate their multiscale structure to their properties and morphologies • Serves as a one-stop reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of IPNs and nano-structured polymer systems • Includes chapters from leading researchers in the IPN field from industry, academy, government and private research institutions
Polymer systems can be developed into a variety of functional forms to meet industrial and scientific applications. In general, they are presented in four common physical forms: (1) linear free chains in solution, (2) covalently or physically cross-linked reversible gels, (3) micro and nanoparticles, and (4) chains adsorbed or in surface-grafted form. Hydrogels are polymeric particles consisting of water-soluble polymer chains, chemically or physically connected using, in general, a cross-linking agent. These materials do not dissolve in water but may swell considerably in aqueous medium, demonstrating an extraordinary ability (>20%) to absorb water into the reticulated structure. Such features make these materials promising tools in the biomedical field, especially as controlled drug release systems. This chapter describes recent progress in the development and applications of polymeric nanostructured hydrogels, mainly in the context of biomedical devices. Additionally, it reports the significant advances in synthesis and characterization strategies of these materials. Special attention is devoted to smart or stimuli-responsive bionanogels, which mimic the property of living systems responding to environmental changes such as pH, temperature, light, pressure, electric field, chemicals, or ionic strength, or a combination of different stimuli. Consequently, these bionanogels offer an efficient solution to various biomedical limitations in the field of drug administration.
Recent Developments in Polymer Macro, Micro and Nano Blends: Preparation and Characterisation discusses the various types of techniques that are currently used for the characterization of polymer-based macro, micro, and nano blends. It summarizes recent technical research accomplishments, emphasizing a broad range of characterization methods. In addition, the book discusses preparation methods and applications for various types of polymer-based macro, micro, and nano blends. Chapters include thermoplastic-based polymer & nano blends, applications of rubber based and thermoplastic blends, micro/nanostructures polymer blends containing block copolymers, advances in polymer-inorganic hybrids as membrane materials, synthesis of polymer/inorganic hybrids through heterophase polymerizations, nanoporous polymer foams from nanostructured polymer blends, and natural polymeric biodegradable nano blends for protein delivery. Describes the techniques pertaining to a kind (or small number) of blends, showing specific examples of their applications Covers micro, macro, and nano polymer blends Contains contributions from leading experts in the field
In recent years there has been a great deal of research on the subject of nanostructured materials. Structure across a range of length scales has been of particular interest. Theoretical modeling of nanostructured formation in polymer blends has gained considerable momentum due to the increased interest in nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanopores, and so on. Polymers show universal behavior on long length and time scales. Usually, the size of an ideal polymer is calculated from the freely jointed polymer chain model. The solubility and interaction parameters in nanostructured polymer blends are reviewed. Several computer simulation models for predicting mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of semicrystalline polymer and nanostructured polymer blends are discussed. Modeling of polymer in solution and the morphological control of nanostructured blends are also reviewed. Further development of nanostructured polymer blends depends on the fundamental understanding of their hierarchical structure and behavior, which requires multiscale modeling and simulation to provide various lengths and time scales. Atomistic-based simulation such as molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and molecular mechanics are addressed for the multiscale modeling of nanostructured polymer blends for material design. A mathematical model based on the Cahn–Hilliard nonlinear theory of phase separation is also discussed.
Miscibility and compatibility in polymer blends is a topic of great academic and industrial importance. This is because miscibility and compatibility contribute to morphology, properties, and performance. Miscibility results in one phase; compatibility creates a disperse phase with size and stability determined by interfacial interactions. Miscible polymer properties are averaged similar to a plasticizer polymer, and compatible polymers retain properties of each component, such as toughening or reinforcement. With miscible polymer blends the continuous phase dominates properties; the disperse phase contributes via stress transfer. This chapter revisits the criteria for miscibility or compatibility in polymer blends and the contributors of compatibility compared with miscibility and incompatibility. Development of copolymers and their blending with thermosets and thermoplastics result in complex two-phase morphologies. The dynamics of phase separation observed in polymer blends leading to different morphologies and the criteria for phase separation is explained. A nanometer-dispersed phase requires strong interfacial interactions to stabilize the large interfacial area, and this is favored by rapid spinodal phase separation compared with size diminution by high shear. Nanoblends open up a new arena for polymer blends, and research shows that nanoblends have outstanding optical and mechanical properties.