[PDF] Mechanisms Governing Alternative Splicing eBook

Author : Philippe Jeanteur
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 254 pages
File Size : 34,83 MB
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 3662097281

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The discovery in 1977 that genes are split into exons and introns has done away with the one gene - one protein dogma. Indeed, the removal of introns from the primary RNA transcript is not necessarily straightforward since there may be optional pathways leading to different messenger RNAs and consequently to different proteins. Examples of such an alternative splicing mechanism cover all fields of biology. Moreover, there are plenty of occurrences where deviant splicing can have pathological effects. Despite the high number of specific cases of alternative splicing, it was not until recently that the generality and extent of this phenomenon was fully appreciated. A superficial reading of the preliminary sequence of the human genome published in 2001 led to the surprising, and even deceiving to many scientists, low number of genes (around 32,000) which contrasted with the much higher figure around 150,000 which was previously envisioned. Attempts to make a global assessment of the use of alternative splicing are recent and rely essentially on the comparison of genomic mRNA and EST sequences as reviewed by Thanaraj and Stamm in the first chapter of this volume. Most recent estimates suggest that 40-60% of human genes might be alternatively spliced, as opposed to about 22% for C. elegans.

Author : Adrian Krainer
Publisher : IRL Press
Page : 408 pages
File Size : 17,79 MB
Release : 1997
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN :

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This volume focuses on the major aspects of post-transcriptional mRNA processing in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each of the described mRNA reactions is required for proper gene expression and can also serve as a control point for regulating the expression of many genes, for example duringembryonic development or in different cell types. The different chapters review the assembly of newly synthesized nuclear mRNA transcripts into hnRNP particles and catalytically active spliceosomes; the structure and mechanism of action of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and proteinfactors that catalyse pre-mRNA splicing in mammalian cells and in yeast; the regulation of gene expression and generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative splicing; the mechanisms of 3' end cleavage and polyadenylation; the architecture of the cell nucleus in relation to these processesand to the localization of the relevant substrates and factors; the diverse mechanisms of RNA processing by ribozymes and their potential relevance for nuclear mRNA processing; the mechanism of spliced-leader addition by trans-splicing in nematodes and trypanosomes; and the process ofinsertion/deletion mRNA editing in kinetoplasmid protozoa. In each chapter, leading researchers have provided detailed, critical reviews of the history, experimental approaches, major advances, current ideas and models, as well as future directions, for each of these active areas of research.

Author : Philippe Jeanteur
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 265 pages
File Size : 35,69 MB
Release : 2006-10-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 3540344497

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Splicing of primary RNA transcript is a quasi-systematic step of gene expression in higher organisms. This is the first book to highlight the medical implications, i.e. diseases, caused by alternative splicing. Alternative splicing not only vastly increases protein diversity but also offers numerous opportunities for aberrant splicing events with pathological consequences. The book also outlines possible targets for therapy.

Author : Jefferson Matthew Taliaferro
Publisher :
Page : 167 pages
File Size : 41,90 MB
Release : 2012
Category :
ISBN :

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The patterns and mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells regulate the expression of their genetic information are highly complex and intricate. The transmittance of this information from nuclear repository to cytoplasmic translation contains within it several steps, including the selective removal and concomitant joining of pieces of information in a process called alternative splicing. The projects detailed within this document describe the regulation of alternative splicing through the interaction of specific proteins with specific pre-mRNA transcripts. The Rio lab has studied PSI, a protein involved in the regulation of the P element transposase transcript, for many years. It has since been shown to regulate the splicing of hundreds of other transcripts. The experiments described here look at the organization of PSI and other proteins on the P element transcript by site-specific labeling of the transcript using radioactive 32P. We also investigate two phosphorylation events of PSI, identifying the kinases responsible and demonstrate that these events may change the protein-protein interaction partners of PSI. It has become increasingly apparent that alternative splicing may not only be regulated by protein/RNA interactions, but also by RNA/RNA interactions. To probe this, we designed experiments to test if some well-known small RNA-associated proteins are regulating alternative splicing. Using splice junction microarrays, we determined that Argonaute-2 (Ago-2) regulated the splicing of over 100 splice junctions, and further experiments using ChIP-seq and mRNA-seq of Ago-2 mutants revealed that Ago-2 also has a role in transcriptional repression, possibly through being incorporating in complexes composed of polycomb-group genes. We also used CLIP-seq to determine the RNA binding profile and preferences of Ago-2 in Drosophila tissue culture cells. Finally, we characterized the functions of a Drosophila specific splicing factor called LS2. LS2 is orthologous to the highly conserved splicing factor dU2AF50, but its origin through retroduplication and subsequent divergence to acquire distinct sequence specificity, expression pattern, and function show it to be an interesting case in the evolution of alternative splicing regulation. This may be a mechanism that underlies the existence of some members of the large families of splicing factors, including hnRNP proteins and SR proteins. That is, by duplicating functional copies of genes, cellular systems create new proteins to tinker with and acquire new functions while keeping the former functionality and stability of the parent protein. While these projects are essentially independent of each other, they all fall under the umbrella of protein regulation of RNA metabolism and hopefully contribute to a more complete understanding of the regulation of gene expression.

Author : B. D. Hames
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 31,26 MB
Release : 1988
Category : Music
ISBN :

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This book gives a co-ordinated review of our present knowledge of eukaryotic RNA synthesis.