[PDF] Marine Microbial Symbioses Host Microbe Interaction Holobionts Adaptation To Niches And Global Climate Change eBook

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 346 pages
File Size : 49,80 MB
Release : 2016-08-03
Category : Science
ISBN : 0128096179

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Host-Microbe Interactions, the latest volume in the Progress in Molecular Biology series, provides a forum for the discussion of new discoveries, approaches, and ideas in molecular biology. It contains contributions from leaders in their respective fields, along with abundant references. This volume is dedicated to the subject of host-microbe interactions. Provides the latest research on host-microbe interactions, including new discoveries, approaches, and ideas Contains contributions from leading authorities on topics relating to molecular biology Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Author : Jennie C. Hunter-Cevera
Publisher :
Page : 22 pages
File Size : 26,6 MB
Release : 2005
Category :
ISBN :

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Marine microbes are uniquely important to life as we know it. Since life most likely began in the oceans, marine microorganisms are the closest living descendants of the original forms of life. They are also major pillars of the biosphere. Their unique metabolisms allow marine microbes to carry out many steps of the biogeochemical cycles that other organisms are unable to complete. The smooth functioning of these cycles is necessary for life to continue on earth. Early marine microorganisms also helped create the conditions under which subsequent life developed. More than two billion years ago, the generation of oxygen by photosynthetic marine microorganisms helped shape the chemical environment in which plants, animals, and all other life forms have evolved. A great deal of research on the biogeography of marine microorganisms has been carried out, but many unknowns persist, and more work is needed to elucidate and understand their complexity. It is now known that microorganisms live in every corner of the oceans. Their habitats are diverse and include open water, sediment, bodies of marine macro- and microorganisms, estuaries, and hydrothermal vents. By studying these habitats, scientists have developed a limited ability to predict the composition of marine microbial communities. It has also been found that some marine microbes have more cosmopolitan distributions than others. Recent work has found that most of the ecological principles that apply to larger organisms can also be applied to microorganisms, including marine microbes, but there are exceptions. Almost every ecophysiological parameter in the oceans is thought to have an impact on the diversity of microbial communities. Most of the direct interactions marine microorganisms have with larger organisms fall into one of two broad categories: symbiosis or pathogenesis. Beneficial microbial symbioses have enabled many invertebrate species to take advantage of habitats that would otherwise be unavailable to them. Invertebrates in these relationships may also enjoy the benefits of bioactive compounds microbes may produce to prevent bio-fouling or to ward off predators. Marine viruses are found in surprisingly high numbers in seawater, but it is likely that these populations are in equilibrium with their host populations. The metabolic diversity of marine microorganisms allows them to assume many roles in the biogeochemical cycles that other organisms cannot complete. Marine microbes are also able to adapt to the many extreme environments in the oceans. As humans continue to alter the environment, climate change will inevitably impact marine microbial communities and the biogeochemical cycles in which they participate, but the exact nature of these impacts cannot yet be predicted. Human health relies on a number of critical equilibria that marine microorganisms broker, including the balance between viruses and their hosts in the oceans, the balances that keep harmful algal blooms in check, the processes that control nutrient concentrations in marine waters, and others. The metabolic capabilities of marine microbes can be put to work in any number of biotechnology applications, including the manufacture of industrial products and energy production. Marine microbes are sources of novel bioactive compounds that may have application as pharmaceuticals. Potential applications for marine microorganisms in ameliorating environmental degradation also exist. Innovative approaches in research, education, and training are critical for moving the field of marine microbiology forward. Modern research in this field should embrace the new tools of genomics and metagenomics, but not to the exclusion of other methods of discovery. Education and training in marine microbiology needs to be multidisciplinary. Arrangements that expose graduate students and postdoctoral scientists to laboratories that do work outside the students' immediate fields of focus should be encouraged.

Author : Kwangmin Son
Publisher :
Page : 222 pages
File Size : 35,6 MB
Release : 2015
Category :
ISBN :

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Marine microbes play a fundamental role in driving ocean ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemistry. While their importance is global in scale, microbial processes unfold at the level of single cells and are intimately dependent on interactions between microorganisms, their neighbors, and the surrounding physical and chemical environment. Furthermore, traditional imaging techniques often provide frozen snapshots of the marine microbial world, yet microbial interactions are inherently dynamic, as for example in the case of motility, chemotaxis, and the encounter of microbes with viruses and animal hosts. These biological processes are frequently driven by physical mechanisms, and our understanding of them can benefit from a focus on the physical ecology of marine microbes. This is the approach pursued in this thesis, by directly applying dynamic imaging and microfluidics, which offer powerful new opportunities to study microbial processes in a time resolved manner and with exquisite environmental control. Through single-cell, live imaging of three fundamental marine microbial processes - motility, chemotaxis and viral adsorption - we demonstrate how capturing previously unseen biophysical processes in microbial ecology at their natural timescales can both shed light on unexplained mechanisms and provide robust quantifications of interaction rates. We first study a newly discovered nanoscale motility adaptation in the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus using high-speed imaging. We found that marine bacteria can exploit a buckling instability of their flagellum to change direction during swimming, achieving the same functionality as multi-flagellated cells, but with the cost of synthesizing and operating only one flagellum. This finding not only reveals a new role of flexibility in prokaryotic flagella, but also highlights the exquisite motility adaptations of marine microbes to the resource-poor environment of the ocean. We then determine how this motility adaptation affects the cells' ability to climb chemical gradients ('chemotaxis'). We found that, counter- to current models, chemotaxis in V. alginolyticus is speed-dependent. Faster cells exhibited not only faster chemotactic migration, but also tighter accumulation around the resource peak. This result adds a new dimension to our understanding of bacterial chemotaxis pathways, by demonstrating that swimming speed can be an important and counter-intuitive control parameter in how marine microbes encounter and exploit chemical resources. Finally, we consider an encounter process that is motility-independent - that between a nonmotile host and a virus. Using the globally abundant marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and a cyanobacterial virus ('cyanophage') as a model system, we directly imaged the encounter and adsorption dynamics of the virus and the host at the level of single cells, using dual-wavelength epifluorescent microscopy. By applying this non-invasive approach to quantify thousands of encounter events using automated image acquisition and analysis, we directly measured the rate at which viruses encounter and adsorb to hosts. We found that the probability of adsorption is considerably lower than was obtained with traditional, bulk measurement approaches, suggesting the need for a revision of viral infection dynamics in marine ecosystem models and opening the door for studies of microbial individuality in the context of viral infection. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that physical processes in microbial ecology, studied by means of new approaches including microfluidics and dynamic imaging at the single-cell scale, can contribute fundamental new insights into the ecology of marine microbes.

Author : Eugene Rosenberg
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 187 pages
File Size : 36,21 MB
Release : 2014-01-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 3319042416

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Groundbreaking research over the last 10 years has given rise to the hologenome concept of evolution. This concept posits that the holobiont (host plus all of its associated microorganisms) and its hologenome (sum of the genetic information of the host and its symbiotic microorganisms), acting in concert, function as a unique biological entity and therefore as a level of selection in evolution. All animals and plants harbor abundant and diverse microbiota, including viruses. Often the amount of symbiotic microorganisms and their combined genetic information far exceed that of their host. The microbiota with its microbiome, together with the host genome, can be transmitted from one generation to the next and thus propagate the unique properties of the holobiont. The microbial symbionts and the host interact in a cooperative way that affects the health of the holobiont within its environment. Beneficial microbiota protects against pathogens, provides essential nutrients, catabolizes complex polysaccharides, renders harmful chemicals inert, and contributes to the performance of the immune system. In humans and animals, the microbiota also plays a role in behavior. The sum of these cooperative interactions characterizes the holobiont as a unique biological entity. Genetic variation in the hologenome can be brought about by changes in either the host genome or the microbial population genomes (microbiome). Evolution by cooperation can occur by amplifying existing microbes, gaining novel microbiota and by acquiring microbial and viral genes. Under environmental stress, the microbiome can change more rapidly and in response to more processes than the host organism alone and thus influences the evolution of the holobiont. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and phage therapy are discussed as applied aspects of the hologenome concept.

Author : Pierre Pontarotti
Publisher : Springer
Page : 358 pages
File Size : 17,92 MB
Release : 2018-08-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 3319959549

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The book includes 19 selected contributions presented at the 21st Evolutionary Biology Meeting, which took place in Marseille in September 2017. The chapters are grouped into the following five categories: · Genome/Phenotype Evolution · Self/Nonself Evolution · Origin of Biodiversity · Origin of Life · Concepts The annual Evolutionary Biology Meetings in Marseille serve to gather leading evolutionary biologists and other scientists using evolutionary biology concepts, e.g. for medical research. The aim of these meetings is to promote the exchange of ideas to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations. Offering an up-to-date overview of recent findings in the field of evolutionary biology, this book is in invaluable source of information for scientists, teachers and advanced students.

Author : Pat Hutchings
Publisher : CSIRO PUBLISHING
Page : 396 pages
File Size : 15,17 MB
Release : 2008-11-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 0643099972

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The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is 344 400 square kilometres in size and is home to one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. This comprehensive guide describes the organisms and ecosystems of the Great Barrier Reef, as well as the biological, chemical and physical processes that influence them. Contemporary pressing issues such as climate change, coral bleaching, coral disease and the challenges of coral reef fisheries are also discussed. In addition,the book includes a field guide that will help people to identify the common animals and plants on the reef, then to delve into the book to learn more about the roles the biota play. Beautifully illustrated and with contributions from 33 international experts, The Great Barrier Reef is a must-read for the interested reef tourist, student, researcher and environmental manager. While it has an Australian focus, it can equally be used as a baseline text for most Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Winner of a Whitley Certificate of Commendation for 2009.

Author : Edward F. DeLong
Publisher : Springer
Page : 567 pages
File Size : 35,30 MB
Release : 2014-10-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783642301193

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The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea

Author : Michael A. Borowitzka
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 551 pages
File Size : 47,86 MB
Release : 2009-02-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 1402096194

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The Proceedings of the 19th International Seaweed Symposium provides an invaluable reference to a wide range of fields in applied phycology. Papers cover topics as diverse as the systematics, ecology, physiology, integrated multitrophic aquaculture, commercial applications, carbohydrate chemistry and applications, harvesting biology, cultivation of seaweeds and microalgae and more. Contributions from all parts of the world give the volume exceptional relevance in an increasingly global scientific and commercial climate. Like its predecessors, this volume provides a benchmark of progress in all fields of applied seaweed science and management, and will be referred to for many years to come.