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In most universities, the instruments and articles of government or statutes stipulate that the leader is directly responsible for the day-to-day management of the university, which includes directing and leading the university and its staff, determining academic activities in consultation with the academic board or senate and managing the budget and resources. [...] The relationship between the key office holders in the leadership and governance processes, the chief executive and the academic bodies, could be seen as the essential element in the political and operational dimensions of decision-making in the universities. [...] Yet from the earliest beginnings of the university in the middle ages, down to the present century, autonomy or self-government has been the key ingredient in the ideology of institutions of higher learning (Perkins 1978). [...] Public University Governance in Kenya and Issues of Autonomy and Academic Freedom in the Kenyatta and Moi Era Kenya has experienced a phenomenal expansion of public universities since the inauguration of the University of Nairobi in 1970 (formerly as part of the Federal University of East Africa). [...] The core principles that are usually in contestation in this interplay of power are institutional autonomy and academic freedom, which are often defended as necessary to safeguard the mission of the institution and to buffer it against external 6-Sifuna.pmd 134 18/03/2013, 16:36 Sifuna: Leadership in Kenyan Public Universities and the Challenges of Autonomy 135 interference, on the one hand, and c.