[PDF] Investigation Of The Molecular Mechanisms That Mediate Neural Circuit Formation eBook

Author : Katherine Watters
Publisher :
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 41,31 MB
Release : 2016
Category : Neural circuitry
ISBN :

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Thought, perception, and behavior rely on the faithful transfer of information between neurons, the cells of the nervous system. To ensure proper neural circuit formation, neurons must form connections with the proper neuronal partner, a process called synaptic partner recognition. Next, the neuron must recruit synaptic components to the correct membrane, a process called synaptic assembly. These two processes must be tightly linked for proper nervous system function, and defects in either may result in developmental neurological disorders. The VanHoven laboratory uses the genetic model organism Caenhorabditis elegans and the transgenic fluorescent marker NLG-1 GRASP. NLG-1 GRASP fluorescently labels synapses that form between the PHB chemosensory neurons and the AVA interneurons in vivo. Previously the VanHoven laboratory revealed that the ligand-receptor pair UNC-6/Netrin and UNC-40/DCC act in a juxtacrine manner to specify synaptic partner recognition between PHB and AVA neurons. Here, we study two other genes required in neural circuit formation: the transmembrane receptor clr-1/Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (RPTP) and the small vesicle transporter protein unc-69/Small Coiled-Coil (SCOCO). We find that both CLR-1/RPTP and UNC-69/SCOCO are required for proper PHB to AVA synaptogenesis, act in the previously described UNC-6/Netrin UNC-40/DCC pathway, and likely function downstream of UNC-6/Netrin. Further characterization of how CLR-1/RPTP and UNC-69/SCOCO mediate nervous system development will help us to understand the logic of neural circuit formation as well as aid in the development of treatments for neurological disorders.

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 253 pages
File Size : 38,68 MB
Release : 2009-05-07
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0080922619

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The nervous system is highly complex both in its structural order and in its ability to perform the many functions required for survival and interaction with the environment; understanding how it develops has proven to be one of the greatest challenges in biology. Such precision demands that key events at every developmental stage are executed properly and are coordinated to produce the circuitry underlying each of the adult nervous system's functions. This volume describes the latest research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural circuitry development, while providing researchers with a one-stop overview and synthesis of contemporary thought in the area. Reviews current research findings on the development of neural circuitry, providing researchers with an overview and synthesis of the latest contemporary thought in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of neural circuitry Includes chapters discussing topics such as the guidance of nerve growth and the formation of plasticity of synapses, helping researchers better understand underlying mechanisms of neural circuit development and maintenance that may play a role in such human diseases/conditions as depression, anxiety, and pain Chapters make use of a variety of human and animal models, allowing researchers to compare and contrast neural circuitry development across a wide spectrum of models

Author : Joshua A. Weiner
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 29,62 MB
Release : 2015-01-30
Category : Neural circuitry
ISBN : 2889194035

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Author : Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 38,40 MB
Release : 2007-04-17
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1420008412

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A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 546 pages
File Size : 10,2 MB
Release : 2021-03-09
Category : Science
ISBN : 0128152826

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Neural Development and Disease, Volume 142 in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters by one or more members of an international board of authors. Sections in this new release cover The role of primary cilia in neural development and disease, Mechanisms of axon guidance receptor regulation and signaling, Synaptic recognition molecules in development and disease, The regulation of cortical neurogenesis, Axon guidance in the developing spinal cord, The role of astrocytes in synapse formation and maturation, Development of motor circuits, Molecular mechanisms that mediate dendrite morphogenesis, and more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series

Author : Alexander Dityatev
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 504 pages
File Size : 26,66 MB
Release : 2006-11-24
Category : Medical
ISBN : 038732562X

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This book provides a new compilation of information that link changes in the basic structure of synapses and brain diseases. The book shows that specific secreted proteins, and short peptide mimicking the function of neural cell adhesion molecules can significantly enhance the formation of synapses in the brain. It describes recent advances in research that lay necessary scientific groundwork to develop pharmacological treatments.

Author : Michael Hortsch
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 451 pages
File Size : 39,62 MB
Release : 2009-06-07
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0387927085

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The molecular mechanisms, which are responsible for the functional differences between the various types of neuronal synapses, have become one of the central themes of modern neurobiology. It is becoming increasingly clear that a misregulation of synaptogenesis and synaptic remodeling and dysfunctional neuronal synapses are at the heart of several human diseases, both neurological disorders and psychiatric conditions. As synapses present specialized cellular junctions between neurons and their target cells, it may not come as a surprise that neural cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are of special importance for the genesis and the maintenance of synaptic connections. Genes encoding adhesive molecules make up a significant portion of the human genome, and neural CAMs even have been postulated to be a major factor in the evolution of the human brain. These are just some of the many reasons why we thought a book on neural CAMs and their role in establishing and maintaining neuronal synapses would be highly appropriate for summarizing our current state of knowledge. Without question, over the near future, additional adhesive proteins will join the ranks of synaptic CAMs and our knowledge, and how these molecules enable neurons and their targets to communicate effectively will grow.

Author : Kartik Ramamoorthi
Publisher :
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 15,27 MB
Release : 2014
Category :
ISBN :

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A fundamental goal in neuroscience is to understand mechanisms underlying the ability to create memories from sensory experience. While large structures such as the hippocampus are known to be critical for certain types of learning, memories are ultimately thought to be represented in sparsely distributed neuronal ensembles within these larger structures. Currently, there are few tools that allow for the identification and manipulation of these ensembles, which has limited our understanding of the molecular and cellular processes underlying learning and memory. We have previously reported that the activity-regulated transcription factor Npas4 is selectively induced in a sparse population of CA3 following contextual fear conditioning. Global knockout or selective deletion of Npas4 in CA3 both resulted in impaired contextual memory, and restoration of Npas4 in CA3 was sufficient to reverse the deficit in global knockout mice. Taking advantage of the critical role of Npas4 in contextual memory formation, we developed a set of novel molecular tools to gain access to cell populations activated by experience. Using this system, we identified and manipulated the properties of neurons activated by behavioral experience in a variety of neural circuits in mice, rats, and Drosophila. We believe that the tools developed in this thesis can provide a major advancement in the field, and will allow researchers to target any neural circuit activated by experience in a variety of species.

Author : LIMING TAN
Publisher :
Page : 109 pages
File Size : 20,48 MB
Release : 2016
Category :
ISBN :

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Information processing in the nervous system relies on precise patterns of synaptic connections between neurons. The level of synaptic specificity within the nervous system is remarkable given its tremendous complexity. How neurons can distinguish their correct synaptic partners from many other neurons during circuit assembly remains a central question in neuroscience. Although important progress has been made on molecular mechanisms regulating neural circuit assembly, the cellular recognition mechanisms mediating synaptic specificity are still poorly understood. The Drosophila visual system is well suited to uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic specificity, because of the availability of diverse genetic tools, cell type specific markers and electron microscopic reconstruction data. In the medulla neuropil of the Drosophila visual system, different neurons form synaptic connections in different layers. Within a layer, neurons form synapses with a unique set of multiple neuronal types, which represents only a subset of neurons with processes in that layer. In my thesis research, I sought to identify candidate cell recognition molecules underlying this specificity. I did RNA sequencing on closely related neurons with different layer-specific synaptic specificities, lamina neurons L1-L5 and photoreceptor R7 and R8, at the onset of synapse formation. I showed that each of the seven cell types expresses a unique set of hundreds of genes encoding cell surface and secreted proteins. Using these data and additional localization studies on proteins tagged through modification of the endogenous locus, I demonstrated that 21 paralogs of the Dpr family, a subclass of Immunoglobulin (Ig) domain containing cell surface proteins, are expressed in unique combinations in each of the seven cell types during synapse formation. Dpr interacting proteins (DIPs), comprising nine paralogs of another subclass of Ig-containing proteins, are expressed in a complementary layer-specific fashion in subsets of synaptic partners for each of the seven cell types. Thus, I demonstrated that interacting Dprs and DIPs are expressed in synaptic partners during synapse formation in the Drosophila visual system. Furthermore, I generated null mutants of Dprs and DIPs via CRISPR-based methods, and showed that mutants of two DIPs and their cognate Dprs had similar phenotypes: neurons normally expressing these DIPs had reduced number of cells in corresponding DIP and cognate Dpr mutants. These data suggested that cognate Dprs and DIPs play important roles in the development of synaptic partners expressing them.

Author : Daniel Laskowitz
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 388 pages
File Size : 19,78 MB
Release : 2016-04-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1498766579

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme