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Prices and promotions of foods and non-alcoholic beverages within the food environment can incentivize or disincentivize consumers’ food decisions. Currently, however, prices and promotions often encourage selection of foods that undermine healthy diets. To address this challenge, and to support Member States in implementing policy measures, as recommended by the Framework for Action from the 2014 Second International Conference on Nutrition, the World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of developing evidence-informed policy guidelines on the food environment, including fiscal and pricing policies. This review on contextual factors to be considered in the implementation of fiscal and pricing policies was prepared as part of the required process for WHO guideline development.
Author : World Health Organization Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 24 pages File Size : 31,27 MB Release : 2022-06-13 Category : Medical ISBN : 9240049541
This publication provides information on the use of price policies to promote healthy diets and explores policy developments from around the WHO European Region. It examines the economic theory underpinning the use of subsidies and taxation and explores the currently available evidence. The publication includes several case studies from WHO European Member States where price policies have been introduced. It concludes with some observations about the design of more effective price policies.
Considering the detrimental environmental impact of current food systems, and the concerns raised about their sustainability, there is an urgent need to promote diets that are healthy and have low environmental impacts. These diets also need to be socio-culturally acceptable and economically accessible for all. Acknowledging the existence of diverging views on the concepts of sustainable diets and healthy diets, countries have requested guidance from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) on what constitutes sustainable healthy diets. These guiding principles take a holistic approach to diets; they consider international nutrition recommendations; the environmental cost of food production and consumption; and the adaptability to local social, cultural and economic contexts. This publication aims to support the efforts of countries as they work to transform food systems to deliver on sustainable healthy diets, contributing to the achievement of the SDGs at country level, especially Goals 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger), 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), 4 (Quality Education), 5 (Gender Equality) and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and 13 (Climate Action).
Author : National Research Council Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 107 pages File Size : 43,44 MB Release : 2010-01-10 Category : Medical ISBN : 0309139279
The prevalence of childhood obesity is so high in the United States that it may reduce the life expectancy of today's generation of children. While parents and other adult caregivers play a fundamental role in teaching children about healthy behaviors, even the most positive efforts can be undermined by local environments that are poorly suited to supporting healthy behaviors. For example, many communities lack ready sources of healthy food choices, such as supermarkets and grocery stores. Or they may not provide safe places for children to walk or play. In such communities, even the most motivated child or adolescent may find it difficult to act in healthy ways. Local governments-with jurisdiction over many aspects of land use, food marketing, community planning, transportation, health and nutrition programs, and other community issues-are ideally positioned to promote behaviors that will help children and adolescents reach and maintain healthy weights. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity presents a number of recommendations that touch on the vital role of government actions on all levels-federal, state, and local-in childhood obesity prevention. The book offers healthy eating and physical activity strategies for local governments to consider, making it an excellent resource for mayors, managers, commissioners, council members, county board members, and administrators.
Author : World Health Organization Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 134 pages File Size : 22,31 MB Release : 2022-12-13 Category : Medical ISBN : 9240056297
As the number of countries taxing SSBs increases, the available and emerging empirical evidence indicates that SSB taxation can be an effective lever for promoting healthier diets and improving population health. This guide is designed to support health and finance ministries in the growing number of countries that are exploring the use of SSB taxation to promote healthy diets, advance population health and improve societal welfare. Specifically, this manual is designed to (1) explain key economic concepts related to SSB taxation for public health personnel and SSB tax advocates to aid effective discussions and negotiations with financial officers and (2) provide finance ministry and health ministry officials with appropriate national-level examples in the implementation of SSB excise taxes, along with key considerations and strategies for effective SSB tax policy development, design, implementation and administration.
To address the increasing number of requests from Member States for guidance on how to design fiscal policies on diet, WHO convened a technical meeting of global experts in fiscal policies on 5-6 May 2015 in Geneva. The main objectives of the meeting were to review evidence and existing guidance, discuss country case studies and provide considerations with regards to the scope, design, and implementation of effective fiscal policies on diet. It was concluded that there is reasonable and increasing evidence that appropriately designed taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages would result in proportional reductions in consumption, especially if aimed at raising the retail price by 20% or more. There is similar strong evidence that subsidies for fresh fruits and vegetables that reduce prices by 10-30% are effective in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. Vulnerable populations, including low-income consumers, are most price-responsive and, in terms of health, benefit most from changes in the relative prices of foods and beverages. Consistent with the evidence on tobacco taxes, specific excise taxes -- as opposed to sales or other taxes -- based on a percentage of retail price, are likely to be most effective. In countries with strong tax administration, taxes that are calculated based on nutrient content can have greater impact. A proper situation analysis, good political advocacy, appropriate objective setting and evaluation, should be part of the multidisciplinary development and implementation of such policies. It is also important in this process to be proactive in counteracting the industry arguments and efforts to oppose the development and implementation of tax measures or attenuate their effects. There are evidence gaps that could be addressed, with more countries developing and implementing such fiscal policies. Lack of standards or criteria experienced by countries and the development of a nutrient profile model for designing and implementing fiscal policies was recommended. In addition, there was a call for a manual on developing and implementing fiscal policies for diet.
Author : National Research Council Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 114 pages File Size : 31,91 MB Release : 2009-07-02 Category : Medical ISBN : 0309137284
In the United States, people living in low-income neighborhoods frequently do not have access to affordable healthy food venues, such as supermarkets. Instead, those living in "food deserts" must rely on convenience stores and small neighborhood stores that offer few, if any, healthy food choices, such as fruits and vegetables. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC) convened a two-day workshop on January 26-27, 2009, to provide input into a Congressionally-mandated food deserts study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service. The workshop, summarized in this volume, provided a forum in which to discuss the public health effects of food deserts.
Author : Dean T. Jamison Publisher : World Bank Publications Page : 1449 pages File Size : 22,43 MB Release : 2006-04-02 Category : Medical ISBN : 0821361805
Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.