[PDF] Hydrological And Geochemical Characterization Of Shallow Aquifer Water Following A Nearby Deep Co2 Injection In Wellington Kansas eBook

Author : Ian E. Andree
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Page : pages
File Size : 30,13 MB
Release : 2017
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Domestic and irrigation well water quality in south-central Kansas is threatened by multiple sources of contamination including CO2-EOR activities, evaporite dissolution and oilfield brine release. This research identifies potential groundwater flow paths for contaminant migration in a concentrated area mixed with oil, injection, irrigation and domestic wells. Groundwater (GW) sampling took place before and after CO2 injections into the Mississippian in to assess temporal changes in water quality in a ~2 mile radius around injection well KGS 2-32. Samples were analyzed for stable isotopes, rare earth elements (REE), major and trace ions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with a select few analyzed for dissolved CO2 and hydrocarbons. Results of major ion chemistry reveal an evaporite control on geochemistry in wells screened within the paleoterrace as opposed to the incised valley. Bedrock channeling due to erosional scouring of the paleovalley is speculated to have led to secondary porosity thereby increasing GW flow. Similar stable isotopic and Br/Cl mass ratios between SW-3, Shepherd and Zehr indicate water is similarly sourced; lower total dissolved solids within incised valley could result from dilution from infiltration through overburden sediments. Br/Cl, SO4/Cl, Na/Cl and (Ca+Mg)/Na ratios indicate Shepherd, Zehr and SW-3 are possibly impacted by a recent salt plume movement through this portion of the shallow aquifer. An increase in total dissolved solids and Mg/Ca ratios with temperatures less than 25°C over a 25 to 200 ft. depth interval into the Permian Shale of the uplands could have resulted from increasing calcitization and reduction in effective porosity. Dissolved REEs showed most domestic and surface waters contain similar signatures, indicating similarly sourced water. Additionally, there was no CO2 leakage found within the sampling timeframe and a future leaked plume may be impeded by decreasing porosity from current secondary mineralization processes taking place in the Permian Shale.

Author : Brent D. Campbell
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Page : pages
File Size : 48,61 MB
Release : 2015
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With the ever-rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 there arises a need to either reduce emissions or develop technology to store or utilize the gas. Geologic carbon storage is a potential solution to this global problem. This work is a part of the U.S. Department of Energy small-scale pilot studies investigating different areas for carbon storage within North America, with Kansas being one of them. This project is investigating the feasibility for CO2 storage within the hyper-saline Arbuckle aquifer in Kansas. The study incorporates the investigation of three wells that have been drilled to basement; one well used as a western calibration study (Cutter), and the other two as injection and monitoring wells (Wellington 1-28 and 1-32). Future injection will occur at the Wellington field within the Arbuckle aquifer at a depth of 4,900-5,050 ft. This current research transects the need to understand the lateral connectivity of the aquifers, with Cutter being the focus of this study. Three zones are of interest: the Mississippian pay zone, a potential baffle zone, and the Arbuckle injection zone. Cored rock analyses and analyzed formation water chemistry determined that at Wellington there exists a zone that separated the vertical hydrologic flow units within the Arbuckle. This potential low porosity baffle zone within the Arbuckle could help impede the vertical migration of the buoyant CO2 gas after injection. Geochemical analysis from formation water within Cutter indicates no vertical separation of the hydrologic units and instead shows a well-mixed zone. The lateral distance between Cutter and Wellington is approximately 217 miles. A well-mixed zone would allow the CO2 plume to migrate vertically and potentially into potable water sources. Formation brine from Cutter was co-injected with supercritical CO2 into a cored rock from within the Arbuckle (7,098 ft.). Results show that the injected CO2 preferentially preferred a flow pathway between the chert nodules and dolomite. Post reaction formation chemistry of the brine showed the greatest reactivity occurring with redox sensitive species. Reactivity of these species could indicate that they will only be reactive on the CO2 plumes front, and show little to no reactivity within the plume.

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Page : 5 pages
File Size : 19,60 MB
Release : 2004
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Hydrological and geochemical monitoring are key components of site characterization and CO2 plume monitoring for a pilot test to inject CO2 into a brine-bearing sand of the fluvial-deltaic Frio formation in the upper Texas Gulf Coast. In situ, injected CO2 forms a supercritical phase that has gas-like properties (low density and viscosity) compared to the surrounding brine, while some CO2 dissolves in the brine. The pilot test employs one injection well and one monitor well, with continuous pressure and flow-rate monitoring in both wells, and continuous surface fluid sampling and periodic down-hole fluid sampling from the monitor well. Pre-injection site-characterization includes pump tests with pressure-transient analysis to estimate single-phase flow properties, establish hydraulic connectivity between the wells, determine appropriate boundary conditions, and analyze ambient phase conditions within the formation. Additionally, a pre-injection tracer test furnishes estimates of kinematic porosity and the geometry of flow paths between injection and monitor wells under single-phase conditions. Pre-injection geochemical sampling provides a baseline for subsequent geochemical monitoring and helps determine the optimal tracers to accompany CO2 injection. During CO2 injection, hydrological monitoring enables estimation of two-phase flow properties and helps track the movement of the injected CO2 plume, while geochemical sampling provides direct evidence of the arrival of CO2 and tracers at the monitor well. Furthermore, CO2-charged water acts as a weak acid, and reacts to some extent with the minerals in the aquifer, producing a distinct chemical signature in the water collected at the monitor well. Comparison of breakthrough curves for the single-phase tracer test and the CO2 (and its accompanying tracers) illuminates two-phase flow processes between the supercritical CO2 and native brine, an area of current uncertainty that must be better understood to effectively sequester CO2 in saline aquifers.

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Page : pages
File Size : 11,10 MB
Release : 2009
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Approximately 300 kg/day of food-grade CO2 was injected through a perforated pipe placed horizontally 2-2.3 m deep during July 9-August 7, 2008 at the MSU-ZERT field test to evaluate atmospheric and near-surface monitoring and detection techniques applicable to the subsurface storage and potential leakage of CO2. As part of this multidisciplinary research project, 80 samples of water were collected from 10 shallow monitoring wells (1.5 or 3.0 m deep) installed 1-6 m from the injection pipe, at the southwestern end of the slotted section (zone VI), and from two distant monitoring wells. The samples were collected before, during and following CO2 injection. The main objective of study was to investigate changes in the concentrations of major, minor and trace inorganic and organic compounds during and following CO2 injection.

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Page : pages
File Size : 47,4 MB
Release : 2009
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To demonstrate the potential for geologic storage of CO2 in saline aquifers, the Frio-I Brine Pilot was conducted, during which 1600 tons of CO2 were injected into a high-permeability sandstone and the resulting subsurface plume of CO2 was monitored using a variety of hydrogeological, geophysical, and geochemical techniques. Fluid samples were obtained before CO2 injection for baseline geochemical characterization, during the CO2 injection to track its breakthrough at a nearby observation well, and after injection to investigate changes in fluid composition and potential leakage into an overlying zone. Following CO2 breakthrough at the observation well, brine samples showed sharp drops in pH, pronounced increases in HCO3− and aqueous Fe, and significant shifts in the isotopic compositions of H2O and dissolved inorganic carbon. Based on a calibrated 1-D radial flow model, reactive transport modeling was performed for the Frio-I Brine Pilot. A simple kinetic model of Fe release from the solid to aqueous phase was developed, which can reproduce the observed increases in aqueous Fe concentration. Brine samples collected after half a year had lower Fe concentrations due to carbonate precipitation, and this trend can be also captured by our modeling. The paper provides a method for estimating potential mobile Fe inventory, and its bounding concentration in the storage formation from limited observation data. Long-term simulations show that the CO2 plume gradually spreads outward due to capillary forces, and the gas saturation gradually decreases due to its dissolution and precipitation of carbonates. The gas phase is predicted to disappear after 500 years. Elevated aqueous CO2 concentrations remain for a longer time, but eventually decrease due to carbonate precipitation. For the Frio-I Brine Pilot, all injected CO2 could ultimately be sequestered as carbonate minerals.