[PDF] Grapevine Viruses Molecular Biology Diagnostics And Management eBook

Author : Baozhong Meng
Publisher : Springer
Page : 688 pages
File Size : 12,46 MB
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 3319577069

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The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the United States of America, Chile, Asia (China and India), and Turkey. A major limiting factor to the sustained production of premium grapes and wines is infections by viruses. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups. The most damaging diseases include: (1) infectious degeneration; (2) leafroll disease complex; and (3) rugose wood complex. Recently, two new disease syndromes have been recognized: Syrah decline and red blotch. Losses due to fanleaf degeneration are estimated at $1 billion annually in France alone. Other diseases including leafroll, rugose wood, Syrah de cline and red blotch can result in total crop loss several years post-infection. This situation is further exacerbated by mixed infections with multiple viruses and other biotic as well as adverse abiotic environmental conditions, such as drought and winter damage, causing even greater destruction. The book builds upon the last handbook (written over twenty years ago) on the part of diagnostics and extensively expands its scope by inclusion of molecular biology aspects of select viruses that are widespread and economically most important. This includes most current information on the biology, transmission, genome replication, transcription, subcellular localization, as well as virus-host interactions. It also touches on several novel areas of scientific inquiry. It also contains suggested directions for future research in the field of grapevine virology.

Author : Bhanu Priya Donda
Publisher :
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 20,7 MB
Release : 2016
Category :
ISBN :

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Studies were conducted on molecular biology and epidemiology of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses infecting wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in Washington State. In the first objective, the complete genome sequence of two isolates of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1, genus: Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae ) was determined to be 18,731 and 18,946 nucleotides. The genome of GLRaV-1 isolates contain nine open reading frames with long 5' and 3' non-translated regions (NTRs). The sequence differences in the 5'NTR was used to develop a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for distinguishing GLRaV-1 variants in vineyards. Northern blot hybridization revealed the presence of three of the eight putative 3' co-terminal subgenomic (sg) RNAs at higher levels in virus infected grapevine samples. The 5' termini of five sgRNAs were mapped and their leader sequences determined. The results provided a foundation to further elucidate the comparative molecular biology of grapevine-infecting members of the family Closteroviridae..

Author : Kaitlin McKenzie Hadaway
Publisher :
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 28,24 MB
Release : 2019
Category : Grapes
ISBN :

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Grapevines (Vitis vinifera) are extensively cultivated worldwide for the production of wine grapes, table grapes and raisins. Consequently, vinifera grapevines are exposed to a myriad of biotic and abiotic constraints affecting vine health and reducing fruit yield and quality. Among the biotic constraints, viruses such as Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) are considered economically important and affecting sustainability of vineyards in Washington State. Unlike white-fruited wine grape cultivars, red-fruited cultivars display leaf reddening or red leaves as a general response to not only infections with GLRaV-3 and GRBV, but also to certain biotic and abiotic stress factors. Although diagnostic assays are available to differentiate red leaf symptoms due to viral infections from those induced by abiotic and biotic stress factors, large-scale testing of grapevines is becoming costly and unsustainable for growers to utilize diagnostic methods in disease management strategies. As testing vines is a crucial component to manage viral diseases in vineyards, a project was initiated to estimate the costs associated with testing for GLRaV-3 and GRBV by molecular diagnostic methods under non-commercial settings. The results presented in this study showed that employing a simplified sample preparation protocol in combination with molecular diagnostics assays can reduce the cost burden of virus testing benefiting growers and other end users. In a second project, studies were conducted to compare biochemical components of red leaves in certain red-fruited cultivars produced due to viral infections, mite herbivory, and mechanical damage to shoots. These leaf samples together with controls were analyzed for pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins) and carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) using appropriate analytical methods. The results indicated overall reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoids and accumulation of anthocyanins and carbohydrates in leaves showing red leaf symptoms induced by biotic and abiotic stressors compared to green leaves from healthy vines. The data obtained in this study laid a foundation for future studies to better understand underlying causes and consequences of red leaf symptoms produced by distinct stress factors.

Author : Carla Varanda
Publisher : Mdpi AG
Page : 306 pages
File Size : 41,67 MB
Release : 2021-12-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783036525396

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Viruses are microscopic agents that exist worldwide and are present in humans, animals, plants, and other living organisms in which they can cause devastating diseases. However, the advances of biotechnology and next-generation sequencing technologies have accelerated novel virus discovery, identification, sequencing, and manipulation, showing that they present unique characteristics that place them as valuable tools for a wide variety of biotechnological applications. Many applications of viruses have been used for agricultural purposes, namely concerning plant breeding and plant protection. Nevertheless, it is interesting to mention that plants have also many advantages to be used in vaccine production, such as the low cost and low risks they entail, showing once more the versatility of the use of viruses in biotechnology. Although it will obviously never be ignored that viruses are responsible for devastating diseases, it is clear that the more they are studied, the more possibilities they offer to us. They are now on the front line of the most revolutionizing techniques in several fields, providing advances that would not be possible without their existence. In this book there are presented studies that demonstrate the work developed using viruses in biotechnology. These studies were brought by experts that focus on the development and applications of many viruses in several fields, such as agriculture, the pharmaceutical industry, and medicine.

Author : Bikash Mandal
Publisher : Springer
Page : 800 pages
File Size : 42,78 MB
Release : 2017-11-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 9811056722

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The book is a compilation of research work carried out on plant viruses during past 100 years in India. Plant viruses are important constraints in Indian agriculture. Tropical and sub-tropical environments and intensive crop cultivation practices ideally favours perpetuation of numerous plant viruses and their vectors in India, which often cause wide spread crop losses. Of all the plant pathogens, studies of plant viruses have received a special attention as they are difficult to manage. A large body of literature has been published on the plant virus research from India during past 100 years; however the information is so far not available in one place. This book provides comprehensive information on the biology, molecular biology, epidemics, crop losses, diagnosis and management of viruses and viroids occurring in India. Description of properties of the viruses are provided in the chapters comprising of different genera such as Allexivirus, Begomovirus, Babuvirus, Badnavirus, Carlavirus, Carmovirus, Cucumovirus, Closterovirus, Ilavirus, Mandrivirus, Potyvirus, Tospovirus, Tungrovirus and Sobemovirus. Virus-vector research related to aphid, thrips and whitefly is discussed. The work on the management aspects of plant viral diseases has been described with reference to the conventional, antiviral and transgenic approaches. Further, the quarantine mechanism developed in India for the exclusion of viruses and vectors has also been included. The book also provides useful information about the capacity building on the research and education on Plant Virology in India. Overall, the book covers a wide range of accounts of research findings and innovations in Plant Virology in India during past 100 years. The book will be a resourceful reference to the students, scientists, agricultural professionals and policy makers.

Author : Alan C. Cassells
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 10,4 MB
Release : 2013-06-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9401589518

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This book is based mainly on invited and offered papers presented at the Second International Symposium on Bacterial and Bacteria-like Contaminants of Plant Tissue Cultures held at University College, Cork, Ireland in September 1996, with additional invited papers. The First International Symposium on Bacterial and Bacteria-like Contaminants of Plant Tissue Cultures was held at the same venue in 1987 and was published as Acta Horticulturae volume 225, 1988. In the intervening years there have been considerable advances in both plant disease diagnostics and in the development of structured approaches to the management of disease and microbial contamination in micropropagation. These approaches have centred on attempts to separate, spatially, the problems of disease transmission and laboratory contamination. Disease-control is best achieved by establishing pathogen-free cultures while laboratory contamination is based on subsequent good working practice. Control of losses due to pathogens and microbial contamination in vitro addresses, arguably, the most importance causes of losses in the industry; nevertheless, losses at and post establishment can also be considerable due to poor quality microplants or micro-shoots. In this symposium, a holistic approach to pathogen and microbial contamination control is evident with the recognition that micropropagators must address pathogen and microbial contamination in vitro, and diseases and microplant failure at establishment. There is increasing interest in establishing beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal association with microplants in vitro and in vivo.

Author : Aly Farag El Sheikha
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 50,52 MB
Release : 2018-04-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 111937460X

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Molecular Techniques in Food Biology: Safety, Biotechnology, Authenticity & Traceability explores all aspects of microbe-food interactions, especially as they pertain to food safety. Traditional morphological, physiological, and biochemical techniques for the detection, differentiation, and identification of microorganisms have severe limitations. As an alternative, many of those responsible for monitoring food safety are turning to molecular tools for identifying foodborne microorganisms. This book reviews the latest molecular techniques for detecting, identifying, and tracing microorganisms in food, addressing both good foodborne microbes, such as those used for fermentation and in probiotics, and harmful ones responsible for foodborne illness and food quality control problems. Molecular Techniques in Food Biology: Safety, Biotechnology, Authenticity & Traceability brings together contributions by leading international authorities in food biology from academe, industry, and government. Chapters cover food microbiology, food mycology, biochemistry, microbial ecology, food biotechnology and bio-processing, food authenticity, food origin traceability, and food science and technology. Throughout, special emphasis is placed on novel molecular techniques relevant to food biology research and for monitoring and assessing food safety and quality. Brings together contributions from scientists at the leading edge of the revolution in molecular food biology Explores how molecular techniques can satisfy the dire need to deepen our understanding of how microbial communities develop in foods of all types and in all forms Covers all aspects of food safety and hygiene, microbial ecology, food biotechnology and bio-processing, food authenticity, food origin traceability, and more Fills a yawning gap in the world literature on food traceability using molecular techniques This book is an important working resource for professionals in agricultural, food science, biomedicine, and government involved in food regulation and safety. It is also an excellent reference for advanced students in agriculture, food science and food technology, biochemistry, microbiology, and biotechnology, as well as academic researchers in those fields.

Author : Paul-André Calatayud
Publisher : IRD Editions
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 48,26 MB
Release : 2006
Category : Cassava
ISBN : 9782709916141

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Most basic information on plant-mealybug interactions during the last decade has come from research on the cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) system with two mealybug species, namely Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero and Phenacoccus herreni Cox and Williams (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Both these insects cause severe damage to cassava in Africa and South America, respectively. This book reviews these interactions (plant selection by the insects, nutritional requirements