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Methods and techniques for monitoring subsurface carbon dioxide storage Storing carbon dioxide in underground geological formations is emerging as a promising technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. A range of geophysical techniques can be deployed to remotely track carbon dioxide plumes and monitor changes in the subsurface, which is critical for ensuring for safe, long-term storage. Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage provides a comprehensive review of different geophysical techniques currently in use and being developed, assessing their advantages and limitations. Volume highlights include: Geodetic and surface monitoring techniques Subsurface monitoring using seismic techniques Subsurface monitoring using non-seismic techniques Case studies of geophysical monitoring at different geologic carbon storage sites The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Geological Carbon Storage Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity Seals and caprocks are an essential component of subsurface hydrogeological systems, guiding the movement and entrapment of hydrocarbon and other fluids. Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity offers a survey of the wealth of recent scientific work on caprock integrity with a focus on the geological controls of permanent and safe carbon dioxide storage, and the commercial deployment of geological carbon storage. Volume highlights include: Low-permeability rock characterization from the pore scale to the core scale Flow and transport properties of low-permeability rocks Fundamentals of fracture generation, self-healing, and permeability Coupled geochemical, transport and geomechanical processes in caprock Analysis of caprock behavior from natural analogues Geochemical and geophysical monitoring techniques of caprock failure and integrity Potential environmental impacts of carbon dioxide migration on groundwater resources Carbon dioxide leakage mitigation and remediation techniques Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity is an invaluable resource for geoscientists from academic and research institutions with interests in energy and environment-related problems, as well as professionals in the field.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 183. For carbon sequestration the issues of monitoring, risk assessment, and verification of carbon content and storage efficacy are perhaps the most uncertain. Yet these issues are also the most critical challenges facing the broader context of carbon sequestration as a means for addressing climate change. In response to these challenges, Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle presents current perspectives and research that combine five major areas: The global carbon cycle and verification and assessment of global carbon sources and sinks Potential capacity and temporal/spatial scales of terrestrial, oceanic, and geologic carbon storage Assessing risks and benefits associated with terrestrial, oceanic, and geologic carbon storage Predicting, monitoring, and verifying effectiveness of different forms of carbon storage Suggested new CO2 sequestration research and management paradigms for the future. The volume is based on a Chapman Conference and will appeal to the rapidly growing group of scientists and engineers examining methods for deliberate carbon sequestration through storage in plants, soils, the oceans, and geological repositories.
Active Geophysical Monitoring, Second Edition, presents a key method for studying time-evolving structures and states in the tectonically active Earth's lithosphere. Based on repeated time-lapse observations and interpretation of rock-induced changes in geophysical fields periodically excited by controlled sources, active geophysical monitoring can be applied to a variety of fields in geophysics, from exploration, to seismology and disaster mitigation. This revised edition presents the results of strategic systematic development and the application of new technologies. It demonstrates the impact of active monitoring on solid Earth geophysics, also delving into key topics, such as carbon capture and storage, geodesy, and new technological tools. This book is an essential for graduate students, researchers and practitioners across geophysics. Outlines the general concepts of active geophysical monitoring with powerful seismic vibrators and MHD generators Provides historical background for previous studies of seismically active zones Covers the theory and technology of active monitoring, including signal processing, data analysis, novel approaches to numerical modeling, and interpretation Discusses case histories and presents the results of worldwide, regional active monitoring experiments Thoroughly updated to include recent developments, such as updates relating to carbon capture and storage, microgravity, InSAR technologies, geodesy, reservoir monitoring, seismic reflection, and more
Geological carbon storage (GCS) is a climate change mitigation strategy that provides an innovative solution to offset the rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This process involves the injection of CO2 into underground geological formations where it is permanently trapped, thereby avoiding CO2 to be emitted into the atmosphere. The tax credit for CO2 sequestration (IRC Code: 45Q) has incentivized the feasibility of such operations and GCS is gaining substantial investment interest. The potential for CO2 to leak out and negatively impact the overlying environment is a primary concern for such operations and has motivated the development of risk-based monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) protocols around the world for Class II and Class VI wells. Fluid flow models are effective tools to simulate complex physical processes such as CO2 sequestration at a storage site. The accuracy of these models relies on multiple model parameters and state variables that are calibrated to reproduce the changing reservoir state. Geophysical monitoring data from multiple sources are used to further calibrate reservoir simulations and improve model accuracy. However, both the reservoir model and geophysical measurements produce uncertain predictions due to the underlying process and measurement errors. Monitoring tools can be evaluated based on their sensitivity, spatiotemporal coverage, cost, and regulatory requirements. Wellbore sensors, such as pressure gauges, provide high temporal sampling of the subsurface but are spatially limited to around the wellbore. In contrast, surface seismics can survey large volumes of the reservoir with a coarse spatial resolution and are costly which limits how frequently they can be conducted. Furthermore, using these types of geophysical monitoring tools to estimate changes in petrophysical properties is always subject to uncertainty due to inevitable ambiguities incurred during data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. Combining multiple sources of measurements can help reduce prediction uncertainty; however, quantifying the improvement afforded by such composite systems can be a challenging task when the true reservoir characteristics are unknown. Quantifying the reduction in prediction error from different monitoring tools and combinations of monitoring tools can also be useful to evaluate the efficacy of a proposed monitoring design. From a monitoring design perspective, this research validates the applicability of combining seismic attributes derived from full-waveform inversion of continuous active-source seismic monitoring (CASSM) data with pressure-based monitoring measurements to improve model state predictions. The improvement afforded by combining these two different types of measurements is quantified by computing the reduction in prediction error in an ensemble-based data assimilation environment. The first goal of this research is to develop and test out an ensemble-based data assimilation framework that takes advantage of rock physics models and combines numerical simulations with geophysical observations to predict subsurface changes at GCS sites. This proposed joint seismic-pressure-petrophysical data assimilation framework uses continuous geophysical measurements, in the form of seismic velocity (Vp) and seismic attenuation quality factor (Qp) along with wellbore pressure monitoring data (Pwf), to predict changes in the reservoir model state which is represented by CO2 saturation and reservoir pressure distributions. One of the challenges of using seismic data is the non-unique relationship between CO2 fluid properties and seismic attributes which introduces ambiguity (multiple solutions) during inversion. Rock physics models can be used to forward model seismic attributes but due to the highly non-linear nature of these models and the multidimensionality of reservoir rock and fluid properties, standard linear models are rendered unusable for inversion purposes. Combining different types of measurements (seismic with pressure) helps further constrain this non-uniqueness and improves the forward-modeled estimates. These multi-sensor measurements are assimilated using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) which propagates the model state and uncertainty forward using an ensemble of reservoir realization and relies on ensemble-based sample statistics of the model state and measurement error to calibrate estimates when new measurements are made available. One of the novelties of this workflow is that the forward operator of the EnKF is replaced with rock physics models (RPMs). The choice of rock physics model depends on the geological context, the rock and fluid properties, operational parameters of the seismic survey, and available seismic attributes. I use one particular RPM i.e., White's patchy gas saturation model that we use for demonstration purposes, but one could use this general framework to employ any one of a variety of RPMs. I conduct a series of observation system simulation experiments (OSSEs) to demonstrate the effectiveness of this joint data assimilation framework by evaluating different monitoring tools and combination of monitoring tools on three different models. The OSSEs are first conducted on a lab-scale "sandbox" model before being tested on field-scale reservoir models like the Frio II brine pilot, near Houston, Texas and the Cranfield Site in Mississippi. In general, including seismic attributes improves the prediction estimate of CO2 saturation while Pwf measurements improve pressure prediction results by calibrating the well constraints and improving model state forecasts. Jointly assimilating both seismic and pressure data produces the greatest reduction in prediction error and the high temporal resolution afforded by continuous seismic measurements allows for shorter assimilation windows. Reducing the assimilation frequency increases the prediction error which is observed when CO2 injection is halted and the post-injection assimilation time window is increased. This improvement afforded by jointly assimilating multi-sensor observations is consistently observed in all three synthetic case studies even when different data assimilation parameters are varied such as type, ensemble size, assimilation frequency etc. After successfully implementing the multi-sensor, rock physics-based data assimilation framework in an OSSE environment, I integrate the framework with full-waveform inversion (FWI) results from the CASSM dataset at Frio II. In this work, the CASSM-derived FWI seismic attributes and wellbore pressure monitoring data are jointly assimilated to predict CO2 plume movement and reservoir pressure changes over a 5-day injection period. A comprehensive comparison of using a multi-sensor approach as compared to just wellbore pressure sensors is carried out to conclude that the error reduction afforded by using multiple sensors is valuable both from a perspective of risk as well as cost. Lastly, the multi-sensor, rock physics-based data assimilation framework is reconfigured for additional operational applications at GCS sites like observation targeting. In particular, this modified workflow takes advantage of ensemble-based sensitivity analysis to evaluate how changing the placement location of monitoring wells influences the prediction uncertainty of model state variables. Furthermore, by evaluating the efficacy of pre-existing and/or limited monitoring tools and designs, one can identify regions of the reservoir with highest uncertainty and subsequently find optimal locations for drilling new monitoring wells. A series of OSSEs of the Frio II reservoir model are used to demonstrate the applicability of this observation targeting approach.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 183. For carbon sequestration the issues of monitoring, risk assessment, and verification of carbon content and storage efficacy are perhaps the most uncertain. Yet these issues are also the most critical challenges facing the broader context of carbon sequestration as a means for addressing climate change. In response to these challenges, Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle presents current perspectives and research that combine five major areas: The global carbon cycle and verification and assessment of global carbon sources and sinks Potential capacity and temporal/spatial scales of terrestrial, oceanic, and geologic carbon storage Assessing risks and benefits associated with terrestrial, oceanic, and geologic carbon storage Predicting, monitoring, and verifying effectiveness of different forms of carbon storage Suggested new CO2 sequestration research and management paradigms for the future. The volume is based on a Chapman Conference and will appeal to the rapidly growing group of scientists and engineers examining methods for deliberate carbon sequestration through storage in plants, soils, the oceans, and geological repositories.
Author : Thomas L. Davis Publisher : Cambridge University Press Page : 391 pages File Size : 30,27 MB Release : 2019-05-09 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 1107137497
An overview of the geophysical techniques and analysis methods for monitoring subsurface carbon dioxide storage for researchers and industry practitioners.
A technique for visualizing Earth's subsurface at high resolution Hidden out of sight in Earth’s subsurface are a range of geophysical structures, processes, and material movements. Muography is a passive and non-destructive remote sensing technique that visualizes the internal structure of solid geological structures at high resolution, similar in process to X-ray radiography of human bodies. Muography: Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles explores the application of this imaging technique in the geosciences and how it can complement conventional geophysical observations. Volume highlights include: Principles of muography and pioneering works in the field Different approaches for muographic image processing Observing volcanic structures and activity with muography Using muography for geophysical exploration and mining engineering Potential environmental applications of muography Latest technological developments in muography The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
This book explores the industrial use of secure, permanent storage technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2), especially geological CO2 storage. Readers are invited to discover how this greenhouse gas could be spared from permanent release into the atmosphere through storage in deep rock formations. Themes explored here include CO2 reservoir management, caprock formation, bio-chemical processes and fluid migration. Particular attention is given to groundwater protection, the improvement of sensor technology, borehole seals and cement quality. A collaborative work by scientists and industrial partners, this volume presents original research, it investigates several aspects of innovative technologies for medium-term use and it includes a detailed risk analysis. Coal-based power generation, energy consuming industrial processes (such as steel and cement) and the burning of biomass all result in carbon dioxide. Those involved in such industries who are considering geological storage of CO2, as well as earth scientists and engineers will value this book and the innovative monitoring methods described. Researchers in the field of computer imaging and pattern recognition will also find something of interest in these chapters.
This thesis presents an impressive summary of the potential to use passive seismic methods to monitor the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in geologic reservoirs. It brings together innovative research in two distinct areas – seismology and geomechanics – and involves both data analysis and numerical modelling. The data come from the Weyburn-Midale project, which is currently the largest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in the world. James Verdon’s results show how passive seismic monitoring can be used as an early warning system for fault reactivation and top seal failure, which may lead to the escape of CO2 at the surface.