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Bülent Sari deals with the various fail-operational safety architecture methods developed with consideration of domain ECUs containing multicore processors and describes the model-driven approaches for the development of the safety lifecycle and the automated DFA. The methods presented in this study provide fail-operational system architecture and safety architecture for both conventional domains such as powertrains and for ADAS/AD systems in relation to the processing chain from sensors to actuators. About the Author: Bülent Sari works as a functional safety expert for autonomous driving projects. His doctoral thesis was supervised at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Germany. He is a technical lead for not only functional safety in vehicles, but also for SOTIF, embracing the ISO 26262 standard as well as ISO PAS 21448. In this role, he coordinates and organizes the safety case execution of several product groups within different divisions of ZF.
11 . 2 Study objectives 147 11 . 3 Approach to analysis 147 11. 4 Presentation and discussion of results 151 11 . 5 Conclusions 165 12 Accident management and failure analysis G. C. Meggitt 170 12. 1 Introduction 170 12. 2 Nuclear safety 170 12. 3 The accident 171 12. 4 The accident response 171 12. 5 The automatic response 171 12. 6 The tailored response 173 12. 7 The emergency plan 181 13 Decision support systems and emergency management M. Grauer 182 13. 1 Introduction 182 13. 2 The problem 183 13. 3 The multiple-criteria approach 184 3 13. 4 OveNiew of the 1-decision support software 186 13. 5 A case study from chemical industry 189 13. 6 Conclusions 195 References 196 14 Safety integrity management using expert systems Dr P. Andow 198 14. 1 Introduction 198 14. 2 Safety and risk analysis 198 14. 3 The effects of applying safety and risk analysis 199 14. 4 Safety integrity management 201 14. 5 Knowledge-base contents 204 14. 6 Summary of system functions 204 14. 7 Discussion 205 References 205 15 Power system alarm analysis and fault diagnosis using expert systems P. H. Ashmole 207 15. 1 Introduction 207 15. 2 Expert systems for power system alarm analysis already developed 208 15. 3 Existing substation control arrangements 209 15. 4 Discussion of alarm data flow 210 15. 5 Expert system requirements 210 15. 6 User interface 211 15. 7 Requirements under different fault conditions 211 15.
Safety has been ranked as the number one concern for the acceptance and adoption of automated vehicles since safety has driven some of the most complex requirements in the development of self-driving vehicles. Recent fatal accidents involving self-driving vehicles have uncovered issues in the way some automated vehicle companies approach the design, testing, verification, and validation of their products. Traditionally, automotive safety follows functional safety concepts as detailed in the standard ISO 26262. However, automated driving safety goes beyond this standard and includes other safety concepts such as safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) and multi-agent safety. The Safety of Controllers, Sensors, and Actuators addresses the concept of safety for self-driving vehicles through the inclusion of 10 recent and highly relevent SAE technical papers. Topics that these papers feature include risk reduction techniques in semiconductor-based systems, component certification, and safety assessment and audits for vehcicle components. As the fifth title in a series on automated vehicle safety, this contains introductory content by the Editor with 10 SAE technical papers specifically chosen to illuminate the specific safety topic of that book.
This book provides the application of praxises in the field of engineering safety by learning from previous system failures. And it addresses the most recent developments in the theoretical and practical aspects of these important fields, which, due to their special nature, bring together in a systematic way, many disciplines of engineering, from the traditional to the most technologically advanced. The authors of these chapters are involved in using the system thinking and system engineering approaches at the scale of increased complexity and advanced computational solutions to such systems. The chapters cover the areas such as failure assessment in aeronautical engineering, seismic resistance of offshore pipeline engineering, electrical engineering, critical infrastructure failure, and system of system theory.
"Immerse yourself in the evolving world of automotive technology with ADAS and Automated Driving - Systems Engineering. Explore advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving, revealing the automotive industry’s technological revolution. As technology becomes a driving force, this book serves as a guide to understanding cutting-edge technologies deployed by leading vehicle manufacturers. Discover how multiple systems synergize to provide ADAS and automated driving functions. Authored by an industry expert, this book explores systems engineering’s crucial role in designing, safety-critical cyber-physical systems. Gain practical insights into the processes and methods adapted for the current technological era of software-defined vehicles, influenced by AI, digitalization, and rapid technological advances. Whether you're a seasoned engineer navigating the shift to software-defined vehicles or a student eager to grasp systems engineering methods, this book is your key to unlocking the skills demanded in the exciting era of digitalization. Immerse yourself in real-world examples drawn from industry experiences, bridging the gap between theory and practical application. Gain the knowledge and expertise needed to embark on projects involving the intricate world of cyber-physical systems with ADAS and Automated Driving - Systems Engineering. “As this book demonstrates, systems engineering is needed more than ever to navigate the complexities of the type of projects where alternative delivery models are applied and to help ensure effective delivery even within the constraints of aggressive and adaptable schedules.” Dr David Ward Global Head of Vehicle Resilience—Functional Safety HORIBA MIRA Limited “This book holistically explains the lifecycle and the processes for ADAS and autonomous systems and their influence on the overall vehicle over its complete lifecycle.” Matthias Schulze Vice President, ADAS Product, ecarx" (ISBN 9781468607444, ISBN 9781468607451, ISBN 9781468607468, DOI 10.4271/9781468607451)
Industrial automation systems are complex control systems that perform control and automation of hazardous plants. Safety of such systems is of paramount importance and may even be mandated by law. Safety-related systems may be required to demonstrate conformance to an applicable functional safety standards to assure safety and demonstrate the that these systems mitigate the risk to human lives, as much as reasonably possible. IEC 61508 is a standard of functional safety for generic electric, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) systems and is used as the principal guide in this thesis. IEC 61508 adopts a two-pronged approach for addressing random failures in the hardware and systematic errors in the software. Random failures are addressed using quantitative techniques for reliability analysis e.g., reliability block diagrams and Markov analysis, and by computing the safe failure fraction to establish a confidence level. Systematic errors, on the other hand, are avoided by following quality assurance recommendations and qualitative validation techniques. However, this segregated application of quantitative and qualitative approaches is inadequate for addressing complexities introduced by software-intensive control systems. Furthermore, the manual application of traditional safety analysis techniques is tedious, error-prone, and largely dependent on practitioners' skills. In order to ameliorate these problems, a model-driven approach towards safety analysis named, model-based safety assessment (MBSA) was proposed, which has gained significant interest in academia and industry in the recent years. MBSA approaches use system models for the purpose of safety analysis such as extracting fault trees, performing quantitative analysis, or discovering a critical sequence of errors that may cause system failures. MBSA can be performed on either by using dedicated safety models or by using system development models. The latter approach allows seamless integration with model-driven development (MDD), which is the state-of-the-art for design, implementation and validation of control and automation systems. In MDD, high-level system models are constructed that are iteratively refined by adding details until an implementation of the system software can be automatically extracted from the development models using automatic code generation. One such approach for implementing industrial control systems uses IEC 61499, which is an open standard for implementing industrial process controller and measurement systems. It proposes various design artefacts e.g., basic and composite function blocks and enables a component-oriented design approach for implementing complex behaviours i.e., by connecting function blocks to form function block networks. A popular design pattern for the development of IEC 61499 based systems suggests the implementation of two separate tiers called plant-model and controller. The plantmodel mimics the expected behaviour of the plant and the controller implements the automation logic. When connected in a closed-loop, the overall system model is formed that is used for various verification and validation activities such as formal verification, testing, simulation. Such analyses are well-suited for safety-critical systems and help to avoid systematic errors. However, plant-models are also susceptible to random errors, which cannot be analysed by using qualitative techniques alone. Unfortunately, all existing validation and verification techniques available for IEC 61499 based systems are qualitative in nature, which cannot be used for the purpose of quantitative risk assessment. This calls for developing an approach for the quantitative safety assessment of IEC 61499 based systems. In this thesis, we present an MBSA approach for quantitative risk assessment of industrial automation systems using IEC 61499. The presented approach proposes a novel structure named stochastic function block for modelling stochastic aspects of random failures and environmental non-determinism in the plant-model. The controller, on the other hand, is developed using standard IEC 61499 function blocks. The overall system model is transformed into Markov decision processes in the Prism language for probabilistic verification using the Prism model checker. This enables quantitative analysis of the system behaviour presuming software behaviour under random errors of the plant. The controller is eventually used for automatic code generation and deployment onto the physical plant. Use of standard function blocks for the controller renders the proposed technique complaint to the IEC 61499 standard and permit seamless integration into the MDD activities. The key contributions of the presented work are as following. 1) A novel structure based on IEC 61499 basic function blocks named stochastic function block. This structure is used for representing the random errors in the plant model and environmental non-determinism. 2) A rule-based transformation from IEC 61499 function blocks to Prism model that preserves the adopted synchronous execution semantics. The generated Prism model is a Markov decision process that represents the probabilistic and non-deterministic aspects of the system due to its random errors. 3) A scalable MBSA approach for a unified qualitative and quantitative analysis, which is useful in the early design validation and managing modifications in system design. 4) An MDE tool-chain named BlokIDE, which provides support for the proposed stochastic function blocks and automatic translation to the Prism language. This enables stochastic error modelling and integration with the Prism model checker for the purpose of proposed MBSA approach. 5) A proposal for conforming to IEC 61508 requirements using IEC 61499 modelbased approach, showing various specification and design various stages of the V-Model. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed approach is the very first attempt for providing a model-based safety assessment approach for industrial automation systems using IEC 61499 along with a comprehensive tool-chain.
The day will soon come when you will be able to verbally communicate with a vehicle and instruct it to drive to a location. The car will navigate through street traffic and take you to your destination without additional instruction or effort on your part. Today, this scenario is still in the future, but the automotive industry is racing to toward the finish line to have automated driving vehicles deployed on our roads. ADAS and Automated Driving: A Practical Approach to Verification and Validation focuses on how automated driving systems (ADS) can be developed from concept to a product on the market for widescale public use. It covers practically viable approaches, methods, and techniques with examples from multiple production programs across different organizations. The author provides an overview of the various Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and ADS currently being developed and installed in vehicles. The technology needed for large-scale production and public use of fully autonomous vehicles is still under development, and the creation of such technology is a highly innovative area of the automotive industry. This text is a comprehensive reference for anyone interested in a career focused on the verification and validation of ADAS and ADS. The examples included in the volume provide the reader foundational knowledge and follow best and proven practices from the industry. Using the information in ADAS and Automated Driving, you can kick start your career in the field of ADAS and ADS.
Rapidly increasing dependence on computers for the purpose of monitoring, control and automation raise safety concerns. Some applications demand high availability and reliability of the system. Example of such systems are the y-by-wire, pace-maker (for heart patients) and stability control systems. Failure or unavailability of such systems usually have severe consequences. The complexity of system software has increased in recent years. While a remarkable amount of effort has gone into the standardization of PLC programming, control systems are still largely implemented in an ad hoc manner. Shorter time-to-market and higher expectations on reliability of embedded systems, demands improvements in the development practices. We suggest using model-driven development (MDD) paradigm for implementing safety critical systems using IEC 61499 standard. IEC 61499 is a recent standard for PLC programming using a block-diagram oriented visual language. The component-based approach of IEC 61499 supports a modular system design with a scope of re-usability of models. We have proposed a formal verification approach for IEC 61499 systems for the purpose of evaluating reliability. An observer based approach is proposed for capturing system properties in an intuitive manner. We employ model checking and reachability analysis algorithms that formally prove the absence of certain errors in the system, thus providing reliability guarantees. This formal verification approach in conjunction with synchronous execution semantics ensure that the system is deterministic, free from deadlocks and satisfies certain correctness criteria. We have implemented an integrated development environment (IDE) named TimeMe Studio, for safety critical systems. It implements IEC 61499 as a domain specific language that leverages the automatic code generation using synchronous compiler, observer-based formal verification and static timing analysis. This provides certain guarantees on the predictability, dependability and timeliness aspects of safety critical systems. Observability and executability features of MDD are provided by implementing a visual simulator.
System safety analysis techniques are well established and are used extensively during the design of safety-critical systems. Despite this, most of the techniques are highly subjective and dependent on the skill of the practitioner. Since these analyses are usually based on an informal system model, it is unlikely that they will be complete, consistent, and error free. In fact, the lack of precise models of the system architecture and its failure modes often forces the safety analysts to devote much of their effort to gathering architectural details about the system behavior from several sources and embedding this information in the safety artifacts such as the fault trees. This report describes Model-Based Safety Analysis, an approach in which the system and safety engineers share a common system model created using a model-based development process. By extending the system model with a fault model as well as relevant portions of the physical system to be controlled, automated support can be provided for much of the safety analysis. We believe that by using a common model for both system and safety engineering and automating parts of the safety analysis, we can both reduce the cost and improve the quality of the safety analysis. Here we present our vision of model-based safety analysis and discuss the advantages and challenges in making this approach practical.Joshi, Anjali and Heimdahl, Mats P. E. and Miller, Steven P. and Whalen, Mike W.Langley Research CenterSYSTEMS ENGINEERING; MODELS; FORMALISM; SAFETY; AUTOMATIC CONTROL; COST REDUCTION; FAILURE MODES; FAULT TREES; DIGITAL SYSTEMS
The main topics of this book include advanced control, cognitive data processing, high performance computing, functional safety, and comprehensive validation. These topics are seen as technological bricks to drive forward automated driving. The current state of the art of automated vehicle research, development and innovation is given. The book also addresses industry-driven roadmaps for major new technology advances as well as collaborative European initiatives supporting the evolvement of automated driving. Various examples highlight the state of development of automated driving as well as the way forward. The book will be of interest to academics and researchers within engineering, graduate students, automotive engineers at OEMs and suppliers, ICT and software engineers, managers, and other decision-makers.