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Author : Ying Han
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 228 pages
File Size : 15,4 MB
Release : 2021-11-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 288971599X
Author : Júlia Miralbell Blanch
Publisher :
Page : 151 pages
File Size : 34,3 MB
Release : 2012
Category :
ISBN :
Cognitive impairment in the elderly encompasses many forms, ranging from subtle impairments in otherwise cognitively healthy individuals through mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Brain structural and functional changes underlie the observed cognitive impairment. Complementary to the clinical observation, biomarkers have been proposed as in vivo indicators of the underlying pathophysiology and neurobiological changes in a sufficiently reliable manner that they could be used to detect, track, and predict the disease course over time. In this thesis we used a combination of epidemiological and clinic-based approaches to investigate the mechanisms underlying vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to identify possible biomarkers that could help early diagnosis of such conditions. To do so, a set of circulating and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers were studied in healthy and cognitively impaired subjects. Then, these measures were related to grey matter (GM) volumes, white matter (WM) integrity and cognition. The first two studies are part of the population-based Barcelona-ASIA neuropsychology study. Study I aimed to compare the cognitive patterns of risk markers for cerebrovascular disease (CVD) with the cognitive profile in relation to novel and traditional vascular risk factors (VRF) in a community-dwelling sample. Biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular thrombosis were selected. Results showed that VRF and circulating markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction predicted performance in several cognitive domains. Cognitive patterns of inflammatory markers overlapped those related to VRF. Markers of endothelial dysfunction predicted lower performance in verbal memory. Study II was designed to further explore the structural changes mediating the relationships between risk markers of CVD and cognition. For that purpose the same set of markers of risk for CVD were related to GM atrophy and WM integrity and cognition. The main finding was an association of inflammation and vascular thrombosis with WM integrity loss in cortico-subcortical pathways and association fibres of frontal and temporal lobes. As expected, none of the biomarkers was related to GM volume changes. Vascular thrombosis also predicted lower performance in processing speed. The third study is a memory clinic-based investigation that was conducted aiming to test the potential use of CSF biomarkers cut-offs as components for the diagnostic work-up in AD. We assessed GM and cognitive patterns in cognitively impaired subjects using CSF A[beta]1-42, t-tau and p-tau181 cut-offs as grouping criteria. Results indicated that patients with abnormal CSF levels of t-tau and p-tau (but not A[beta]1-42) showed impairment and signs of regional GM atrophy in brain regions characteristic for AD, compared to those with normal levels. More specifically, GM volume differences were found in temporal, inferior parietal, lateral occipital and widespread prefrontal regions. Studies I and II show that risk markers of inflammation and vascular thrombosis are related to a VCI profile for both cognitive patterns and structural brain changes. A microvascular damage of WM projections in fronto-subcortical pathways, but not GM atrophy, could mediate the association between these pathogenic processes and cognitive performance. Markers of endothelial dysfunction are related to a different cognitive pattern which is characteristic of both vascular and neurodegenerative mechanisms. Study III provides evidence that patients with abnormal CSF levels of t-tau and p-tau (but not A[beta]1-42) show cognitive an AD profile according to GM density patterns and cognitive impairment. Taken together, these results suggest that, complementary to the clinical observation, plasma and CSF markers and structural imaging are well placed to improve early diagnosis of both VCI and AD.
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 181 pages
File Size : 20,63 MB
Release : 2017-10-05
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0309459591
Societies around the world are concerned about dementia and the other forms of cognitive impairment that affect many older adults. We now know that brain changes typically begin years before people show symptoms, which suggests a window of opportunity to prevent or delay the onset of these conditions. Emerging evidence that the prevalence of dementia is declining in high-income countries offers hope that public health interventions will be effective in preventing or delaying cognitive impairments. Until recently, the research and clinical communities have focused primarily on understanding and treating these conditions after they have developed. Thus, the evidence base on how to prevent or delay these conditions has been limited at best, despite the many claims of success made in popular media and advertising. Today, however, a growing body of prevention research is emerging. Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward assesses the current state of knowledge on interventions to prevent cognitive decline and dementia, and informs future research in this area. This report provides recommendations of appropriate content for inclusion in public health messages from the National Institute on Aging.
Author : Peter A. Lichtenberg
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 753 pages
File Size : 27,14 MB
Release : 2010-08-20
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0080959725
New trends in mental healthcare practice and a rapid increase in the aged population are causing an explosion in the fields of clinical gerontology and geropsychology today. This comprehensive second edition handbook offers clinicians and graduate students clear guidelines and reliable tools for assessing general mental health, cognitive functioning, functional age, psychosocial health, comorbidity, behavior deficits, and more. Psychopathology, behavioral disorders, changes in cognition, and changes in everyday functioning are addressed in full, and a wide range of conditions and disorders common to this patient population are covered. Each chapter provides an empirical review of assessment instruments, assessment scales in their totality, a review of how these instruments are used with and adapted for different cultural groups, illustration of assessments through case studies, and information on how to utilize ongoing assessment in treatment and/or treatment planning. This combination of elements will make the volume the definitive assessment source for clinicians working with elderly patients. The most comprehensive source of up-to-date data on gerontological assessment, with review articles covering: psychopathology, behavioral disorders, changes in cognition, and changes in everyday functioning Consolidates broadly distributed literature into single source, saving researchers and clinicians time in obtaining and translating information and improving the level of further research and care they can provide Chapters directly address the range of conditions and disorders most common for this patient population - i.e. driving ability, mental competency, sleep, nutrition, sexual functioning, demntias, elder abuse, depression, anxiety disorders, etc Fully informs readers regarding conditions most commonly encountered in real world treatment of an elderly patient population Each chapter cites case studies to illustrate assessment techniques Exposes reader to real-world application of each assessment discussed
Author : Denise Park
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 294 pages
File Size : 26,1 MB
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1135887519
As our society ages, the topic of cognitive aging is becoming increasingly important. This volume provides an accessible overview of how the cognitive system changes as a function of normal aging. Building on the successful first edition, this volume provide an even more comprehensive coverage of the major issues affecting memory, attention, language, speech and other aspects of cognitive functioning. The essential chapters from the first edition have been thoroughly revised and updated and new chapters have been introduced which draw in neuroscience studies and more applied topics. In addition, contributors were encouraged to ensure their chapters are accessible to students studying the topic for the first time. This therefore makes the volume appealing as a textbook on senior undergraduate and graduate courses.
Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 21,7 MB
Release : 2015-07-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0309368650
For most Americans, staying "mentally sharp" as they age is a very high priority. Declines in memory and decision-making abilities may trigger fears of Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases. However, cognitive aging is a natural process that can have both positive and negative effects on cognitive function in older adults - effects that vary widely among individuals. At this point in time, when the older population is rapidly growing in the United States and across the globe, it is important to examine what is known about cognitive aging and to identify and promote actions that individuals, organizations, communities, and society can take to help older adults maintain and improve their cognitive health. Cognitive Aging assesses the public health dimensions of cognitive aging with an emphasis on definitions and terminology, epidemiology and surveillance, prevention and intervention, education of health professionals, and public awareness and education. This report makes specific recommendations for individuals to reduce the risks of cognitive decline with aging. Aging is inevitable, but there are actions that can be taken by individuals, families, communities, and society that may help to prevent or ameliorate the impact of aging on the brain, understand more about its impact, and help older adults live more fully and independent lives. Cognitive aging is not just an individual or a family or a health care system challenge. It is an issue that affects the fabric of society and requires actions by many and varied stakeholders. Cognitive Aging offers clear steps that individuals, families, communities, health care providers and systems, financial organizations, community groups, public health agencies, and others can take to promote cognitive health and to help older adults live fuller and more independent lives. Ultimately, this report calls for a societal commitment to cognitive aging as a public health issue that requires prompt action across many sectors.
Author : Christopher M. Filley
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 231 pages
File Size : 16,47 MB
Release : 2016-04-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1107035414
Presenting the novel concept of white matter dementia, this unique book offers hope for a better understanding and treatment of dementia.
Author : Hiroshi Matsuda
Publisher : Springer
Page : 282 pages
File Size : 14,32 MB
Release : 2017-08-29
Category : Medical
ISBN : 4431551336
This book describes the latest modalities such as tau PET imaging for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, and also provides information on handling and analyzing imaging data that is not found in other books. In addition, it introduces routine imaging studies in the management of dementia in Japan. The prevalence of dementia has increased over the past few decades, either because of greater awareness and more accurate diagnosis, or because increased longevity has created a larger population of the elderly, the age group most commonly affected. Although only clinical assessment can lead to a diagnosis of dementia, neuroimaging in dementia is recommended by most clinical guidelines, and its adjunct role has traditionally been to exclude a mass lesion rather than to support a specific diagnosis. Neuroimaging may be also helpful for developing new strategies to achieve diagnoses as early as possible for therapies aimed at slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases manifesting dementia. Under these conditions, all clinicians and researchers who are involved in neuroimaging for dementia should decide which patients to scan, when imaging patients is most useful, which modality to use, how to handle imaging data from many institutions, and which analytical tool to use. This edition comprises contributions from leading Japanese experts in their fields.
Author : David A. Ratkowsky
Publisher :
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 23,90 MB
Release : 1990
Category : Mathematics
ISBN :
The background; An introduction to regression modeling; Nonlinear regression modeling; An illustrative example of regression modeling; The models; Models with one X variable, convex/concave curves; Models with one X variable, sigmoidally shaped curves; Models with one X variable, curves with maxima and minima; Models with more than one explanatory viariable; Other models and excluded models; Obtaining good initial parameter estimates; Summary; References; Table of symbols; Appendix; Author index; Subject index.
Author : Francesco Panza
Publisher : Nova Publishers
Page : 188 pages
File Size : 13,32 MB
Release : 2004
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9781594541216
The progressive ageing of the general population and the consequent increase of the number of old people has made the typical medical problems of aged people more frequently observed, and particularly the problems related to the ageing brain. This new book is an updated overview of relevant aspects of cognitive decline associated with ageing. Within the wide landscape of brain ageing the authors reconsider the role of the main predisposing factors and risk factors on the development of various form of mental decline, from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The strength of this book is the large, updated overview of the most recent data of scientific literature regarding the role of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors on the predisposition and onset of cognitive decline. Particular attention is paid to the dietary micro- and macronutrients and to their possible role in the pathogenesis of the various form of dementigen disorders.