[PDF] Exploring Host Virus Interactions In Caenorhabditis Nematodes eBook

Author : Kevin Chen (Computational biologist)
Publisher :
Page : 115 pages
File Size : 42,90 MB
Release : 2017
Category : Electronic dissertations
ISBN :

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Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model organism that has elucidated many biological questions in the fields of genetics, development, and neurobiology. In addition, C. elegans has been used in the past decade to investigate host-pathogen interactions with bacteria and fungi. The recent identification of nematode viruses that naturally infect C. elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae provides a unique opportunity to define host-virus interactions in these model hosts.This dissertation first explored the transcriptional response of C. elegans and C. briggsae to virus infection by RNA-seq. I identified a total of 320 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in C. elegans following Orsay virus infection. The DEGs were mostly genes of unknown function. Interestingly, many DEGs that responded to Orsay virus infection were similar to those induced by Nematocida parisii infection, which is a natural microsporidia pathogen of C. elegans that like Orsay virus infects intestinal cells. Furthermore, comparison of the Orsay virus DEGs in C. elegans to Santeuil virus DEGs in C. briggsae identified 58 C. elegans genes whose orthologs were likewise differentially expressed in C. briggsae, thereby defining an evolutionarily conserved response to viral infection.A systematic effort that utilized multiple approaches from the available genetic tools was carried out in C. elegans to determine if the evolutionarily conserved DEGs impacted Orsay virus replication either positively or negatively. I found two genes that putatively interact with Orsay virus. The first gene was T27E7.6, a gene of unknown function, that may play an antiviral role. The second gene, zip-10, a nematode transcription factor, may be a proviral gene that facilitates Orsay virus infection. Neither gene was previously implicated in host-virus interactions. The identification of the virus response genes and the discovery of genes that alter Orsay virus infection of C. elegans provide a foundation for future studies of host virus interactions in this model system.

Author : Carl Joseph Franz
Publisher :
Page : 165 pages
File Size : 30,54 MB
Release : 2014
Category : Electronic dissertations
ISBN :

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The model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been used in basic research for the last 50 years, providing a wealth of knowledge in a range of fields spanning genetics, development, neurobiology, and computational biology just naming a few. However, only in the last ~15 years has this model organism been broadly considered for investigating host-pathogen interactions. During this time a number of bacterial, fungal, and microsporidial pathogens were shown to infect C. elegans; however, until recently, no natural viruses were known, resulting in a limited understanding of virus-host interactions in C. elegans. In lieu of a known C. elegans virus, several studies were conducted by establishing an unnatural virus infection or creating transgenic viral replicon systems. In 2011, we along with our collaborators reported the discovery of the first known viruses that naturally infect Caenorhabditis nematodes. This dissertation encompasses the identification and characterization of the first viruses known to naturally infect C. elegans and its closest known relative, C. briggsae. Using Next generation 454 pyrosequencing, a novel virus (Orsay virus) was found in a wild isolate of C. elegans (JU1580) and 2 novel viruses (Santeuil and Le Blanc viruses) were found in wild isolates of C. briggsae (JU1264 and JU1498). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest known relatives of Orsay, Santeuil, and Le Blanc were viruses in the family Nodaviridae: viruses that naturally infect insects (alphanodaviruses) and fishes (betanodaviruses). Comparative genome analysis revealed substantial differences in genome size and genome organization between the Caenorhabditis viruses and nodaviruses. For instance, the Caenorhabditis viruses have bigger genomes partly due to the presence of a larger 5' untranslated region (UTR) in the RNA1 segment and an additional open reading frame (ORF delta) in the RNA2 segment. While ORF delta has no known function, evidence demonstrates it is translated fused to the capsid protein by a slippery sequence-mediated frameshift. An immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was established targeting viral proteins in infected Caenorhabditis nematodes. Viral protein could be detected as early as 6 hours post-infection (hpi) and the number of infected animals steadily rose between 6 to 12 hpi. In both Orsay virus-infected C. elegans and Santeuil and Le Blanc virus-infected C. briggsae, the site of infection localized primarily to the intestinal tissue. Strikingly, only 1 to 6 cells of the total 20 nonregenerating intestinal cells were positive by IFA for viral protein, suggesting that infection is confined to a subset of the intestine. A transcriptional profile analysis was carried out to investigate which host genes in Caenorhabditis nematodes were responding to viral infection, yielding ~200 genes that were specifically induced by virus in C. elegans. These candidate genes were then individually subjected to RNA interference revealing several characterized and uncharacterized genes that conferred an increased infection phenotype upon knockdown and may play a previously undescribed role in antiviral defense. The discovery and characterization of these novel Caenorhabditis nematode viruses lay the groundwork for the introduction of C. elegans as a powerful model organism to study virus-host interactions.

Author : Frederick S.B. Kibenge
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 745 pages
File Size : 43,46 MB
Release : 2024-07-16
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0323910718

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Aquaculture Virology, Second Edition covers all the known virus families, and specific diseases that affect each aquatic organism. Descriptions of each disease includes disease name, structure and composition of virus, classification and virus replication, epidemiology, pathology and immunity, diagnostic methods (gross pathology, histopathology, cell culture, PCR, sequencing, ELISA, etc.) and prevention and control. This is an excellent reference of updated foundational and practical knowledge from experts in both academia and research.Those interested in fish viral diseases will find the book an excellent source for high quality illustrations of viral structure, diagrams of pathogenesis of diseases, and many images of gross pathology and histopathology lesions, using the same format in all chapters to facilitate the reading and studying. This second edition of the book will cover all virus families and the specific diseases relevant to aquaculture with current information delivered in a systematic and succinct way to the researcher, teacher, student, diagnostic laboratory staff, clinical veterinarian, aquaculture disease practitioner, farmer, and all people that are interested in viruses in general. Provides unique, comprehensive information on animal pathogens and viruses found in aquaculture and fisheries Presents high-quality illustrations of viral structure, diagrams of viral disease processes, gross pathology, and histopathology lesions to aid in understanding Incorporates all updated changes in taxonomy since the first edition Includes a new chapter on the impact of climate change on the manifestations of different aquatic animal viral diseases Describes aquatic viruses of the major aquatic animals, fish, crustaceans, and mollusks

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 40,21 MB
Release : 2000-12-21
Category : Nature
ISBN : 0309070864

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Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment reviews advances made during the last 10-15 years in fields such as developmental biology, molecular biology, and genetics. It describes a novel approach for how these advances might be used in combination with existing methodologies to further the understanding of mechanisms of developmental toxicity, to improve the assessment of chemicals for their ability to cause developmental toxicity, and to improve risk assessment for developmental defects. For example, based on the recent advances, even the smallest, simplest laboratory animals such as the fruit fly, roundworm, and zebrafish might be able to serve as developmental toxicological models for human biological systems. Use of such organisms might allow for rapid and inexpensive testing of large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause developmental toxicity; presently, there are little or no developmental toxicity data available for the majority of natural and manufactured chemicals in use. This new approach to developmental toxicology and risk assessment will require simultaneous research on several fronts by experts from multiple scientific disciplines, including developmental toxicologists, developmental biologists, geneticists, epidemiologists, and biostatisticians.

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 26,80 MB
Release : 2012-12-26
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1464994366

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Advances in RNA Research and Application / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about RNA in a concise format. The editors have built Advances in RNA Research and Application / 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about RNA in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Advances in RNA Research and Application / 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Author : Carmen Fenoll
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 306 pages
File Size : 11,73 MB
Release : 1997
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780792346371

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In 1992 a Concerted Action Programme (CAP) was initiated by Peter Sijmons with the purpose of intensifying collaborations between 16 European laboratories working on plant-parasitic nematodes. The four-year programme entitled Resistance Mechanisms Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes focused on molecular aspects of the interaction between sedentary nematodes and plants on the model system Arabidopsis and on novel resistance strategies. Funding was provided mainly for exchange visits between collaborating laboratories and for the organization of annual meetings. During the last annual meeting which was held in May 1996 in Toledo, Spain, Carmen Fenoll initiated the production of this volume.

Author : B Zuckerman
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 370 pages
File Size : 42,36 MB
Release : 2012-12-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 0323153933

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Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Volume II: Cytogenetics, Host-Parasite Interactions, and Physiology is a masterful reference work in nematology that includes information in ultrastructure, enzymology, and chemistry of body composition; culturing; virus transmission; biological races; and nature of plant resistance. This volume provides information about plant parasitic nematode genetics and cytology. It first explains the history and the advances in nematology, and then discusses the more specific topics about the biological processes involving nematodes. The discussions on host-parasite interactions, biochemistry, and physiology follow these topics. This book also presents useful information regarding free-living and animal parasitic nematodes. This treatise is written to provide an up-to-date reference source for students, lecturers, and research professionals in plant parasitology, specifically nematology, and related fields.

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 346 pages
File Size : 16,97 MB
Release : 2016-08-03
Category : Science
ISBN : 0128096179

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Host-Microbe Interactions, the latest volume in the Progress in Molecular Biology series, provides a forum for the discussion of new discoveries, approaches, and ideas in molecular biology. It contains contributions from leaders in their respective fields, along with abundant references. This volume is dedicated to the subject of host-microbe interactions. Provides the latest research on host-microbe interactions, including new discoveries, approaches, and ideas Contains contributions from leading authorities on topics relating to molecular biology Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 291 pages
File Size : 25,4 MB
Release : 2020-02-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 030949382X

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Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.