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"This paper takes an in-depth look at European citizens' attitudes towards Turkey's accession to the EU and explains which elements are key in determining support for or opposition to Turkish membership. We use new data, derived from the new questions measuring citizens' attitudes towards Turkey that have recently been introduced in Eurobarometer questionnaires."--CEPS website.
In 2005 the European Commission and the Turkish government started their investigation of the adaptation of Turkish legislation to European law. But public opinion remains sceptical and a thorough discussion among European and Turkish proponents is still needed. Apart from the many beliefs, ideals and prognoses that circulate about the past and future of Europe as well as Turkey, the negotiations continue and different scenarios and time-frames are being developed. In the end, it is the question of the otherness of Turkey to Europe that constitutes the core of the discussion and may offer the start of an answer. To put forward the arguments for and against Turkish accession to the European Union, the University Centre Saint-Ignatius Antwerp organised a two-day academic workshop held in June 2006 in Antwerp. This publication gathers together the opinions of Turkish and European scholars and diplomats about the socio-economic, cultural-religious and political arguments being used in the discussion.
My thesis, entitled ‘Does Turkey belong to Europe? A comparative analysis of the public debate in the media in Germany, France and the UK concerning Turkey’s accession to the EU, from 1999 to 2005’ focused on the issue of whether a European public sphere as manifested in the media of three countries – the UK, Germany, and France exists or is emerging. The formation or lack of formation of a European public sphere was analyzed as a function of identity and values at national and European levels that emerged in a public debate about the accession of Turkey to the EU. The main question of the thesis was whether the accession of Turkey could teach us anything about how national identity and European identity interact on a theme common to all member states. I discussed how for the first time in EU history, it was not the official representatives who decide on the accession but rather the EU decided to leave the decision to the individual states. In other words, the accession of Turkey would depend on referenda in member states. Hence, the national identity was allowed to dominate over a European identity. I examined public attitudes in the three member states towards the EU with the aid of Eurobarometer findings and opinion pieces in national media. Each of the three states differed. Nevertheless, despite the differences, a public debate emerged in terms which overrode these differences. Issues that concerned all of the member states were reported throughout the Union at the same time and at the same level of importance. For example, while there was a correlation between differences and attitudes towards the accession of Turkey, the questions which were raised were the same in the three states. These questions focused on what values underlie identity. If the values attached to a national identity converge then identities too can converge. My research showed that the values more often articulated in the public press related to common religious and historical roots, a common political evolution into democracy, a common abhorrence to war, and a common economic transformation into a welfare state. My thesis compared the convergence of national identities into a European identity on certain specific issues, thereby creating a European public sphere. National identities tend to converge when then citizens in the European regional block compare themselves to American block. This was made clear in the widespread demonstrations in Europe against the American aggression in Iraq. The conclusions were that a European public sphere does not exist, thus, the examined public itself constitutes a sphere where it talks as a European public, finding a common denominator only in matters concerning the EU as a whole (e.g. the community of values debate), whereas for most matters this public seems to keep a foot in more than one sphere – national and European (e.g. the European identity debate). As a result, this public is artificially created as a mixture of spheres and information that is easily manipulated by the media.
"This paper analyses the cooperation established between Slovenian public servants and diplomats and their European counterparts during their country's term in office as presidency of the EU in the first half of 2008. The findings are based on a survey conducted among 667 Slovenian public servants, experts and diplomats directly involved in the policy-making process during Slovenia's Presidency."--Editor.
This open access book explores the new complexities and ambiguities that epitomize EU-Turkey relations. With a strong focus on the developments in the last decade, the book provides full access to a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted relationship through three entry points: (1) Theories and Concepts, (2) Institutions, and (3) Policies. Part I brings together complementary and competing analytical approaches to study the evolution of EU-Turkey relations, ranging from traditional integration theories to novel concepts. Part II investigates the institutional machinery of EU-Turkey relations by analyzing the roles and perspectives of the European Council, the European Commission, and the European Parliament. Part III offers analyses of the policies most relevant for the relationship: enlargement policy, trade and macroeconomic policies, foreign and security policy, migration and asylum policies, and energy policy. In Part IV, the volume closes with a systematic survey of the conditions under which cooperative trends in EU-Turkey relations could be (re)invigorated. The systematic setup and the balanced combination of distinguished experts from EU- and Turkey-based institutions make this book a fundamental reading for students, researchers, lecturers, and practitioners of EU-Turkey relations, European integration and Turkish foreign policy. Wulf Reiners is Senior Researcher and Head of the Managing Global Governance (MGG) Program of the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut fur Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). Ebru Turhan is Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Turkish-German University in Istanbul, Turkey.
For decades North Africa and the Middle East have experienced overlapping identities and integration processes. With the exception of Morocco, the countries of North Africa have supported the re-launch of pan-Africanism in the form of the African Union and its growing institutionalization; but they also share an Arab identity and are members of the Arab League. Islamism commands wide support among the regions of North Africa and the Middle East, and the impact of European integration can increasingly be seen in varying forms. This comprehensive volume focuses on overlapping identities and integration processes in the Mediterranean basin and queries to what extent these various identities and integration processes are compatible or in conflict. Incorporating both theoretical and empirical material, it unites contributions from a variety of countries, thus exploring these issues from different perspectives.
This eagerly awaited new edition has been significantly revised after extensive user feedback to meet current teaching requirements. The first major textbook to be published since the rejuvenation of the Lisbon Treaty, it retains the best elements of the first edition – the engaging, easily understandable writing style, extracts from a variety of sources showing the creation, interpretation and application of the law and comprehensive coverage. In addition it has separate chapters on EU law in national courts, governance and external relations reflecting the new directions in which the field is moving. The examination of the free movement of goods and competition law has been restructured. Chapter introductions clearly set out what will be covered in each section allowing students to approach complex material with confidence and detailed further reading sections encourage further study. Put simply, it is required reading for all serious students of EU law.
National and European Foreign Policy explores the processes of interaction between the national and the European levels in foreign policy making in European Union states. The volume also assesses the mutual influence which the Member States exert on each other, independent of the EU institutions, thus tracing the extent to which Member State foreign policies are being Europeanized into more convergent, coordinated policies. With chapters examining France, Germany, Italy, UK, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Finland, Poland and Slovenia, the overarching questions the volume addresses centre on the nature of the relationship between the foreign policies of the Member States and ‘European’ foreign policy. Engaging with ‘Europeanization’ with theoretical rigour, the contributors to this volume examine the EU’s impact on the foreign policies of Member States old and new, the impact of the Member States on the EU’s external relations, and the influence of the Member States on each other’s foreign policies. Providing interesting detail on changes in foreign policy thinking and national policies using the concept of Europeanization, National and European Foreign Policy will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics and policy formation, foreign policy and International Relations.