[PDF] Ethnic Diversity And Cooperation eBook

Author : Brian Shoup
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 202 pages
File Size : 19,72 MB
Release : 2007-08-08
Category : History
ISBN : 113407977X

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This book develops a model that explains how and why interethnic bargains between rival groups can erode given different institutional configurations.

Author : James Habyarimana
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 22,42 MB
Release : 2009-07-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1610446380

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Ethnically homogenous communities often do a better job than diverse communities of producing public goods such as satisfactory schools and health care, adequate sanitation, and low levels of crime. Coethnicity reports the results of a landmark study that aimed to find out why diversity has this cooperation-undermining effect. The study, conducted in a neighborhood of Kampala, Uganda, notable for both its high levels of diversity and low levels of public goods provision, hones in on the mechanisms that might account for the difficulties diverse societies often face in trying to act collectively. The Mulago-Kyebando Community Study uses behavioral games to explore how the ethnicity of the person with whom one is interacting shapes social behavior. Hundreds of local participants interacted with various partners in laboratory games simulating real-life decisions involving the allocation of money and the completion of joint tasks. Many of the subsequent findings debunk long-standing explanations for diversity's adverse effects. Contrary to the prevalent notion that shared preferences facilitate ethnic collective action, differences in goals and priorities among participants were not found to be structured along ethnic lines. Nor was there evidence that subjects favored the welfare of their coethnics over that of non-coethnics. When given the opportunity to act altruistically, individuals did not choose to benefit coethnics disproportionately when their actions were anonymous. Yet when anonymity was removed, subjects behaved very differently. With their actions publicly observed, subjects gave significantly more to coethnics, expected their partners to reciprocate, and expected that they would be sanctioned for a failure to cooperate. This effect was most pronounced among individuals who were otherwise least likely to cooperate. These results suggest that what may look like ethnic favoritism is, in fact, a set of reciprocity norms—stronger among coethnics than among non-coethnics—that make it possible for members of more homogeneous communities to take risks, invest, and cooperate without the fear of getting cheated. Such norms may be more subject to change than deeply held ethnic antipathies—a powerful finding for policymakers seeking to design social institutions in diverse societies. Research on ethnic diversity typically draws on either experimental research or field work. Coethnicity does both. By taking the crucial step from observation to experimentation, this study marks a major breakthrough in the study of ethnic diversity. A Volume in the Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust

Author : Max Schaub
Publisher :
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 47,31 MB
Release : 2016
Category :
ISBN :

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This dissertation sheds new light on the old question of whether outside threat induces ingroup cohesion. In three independent but interrelated empirical chapters, I explore the link between threat, conflict and cooperation from a temporal, macro-, and micro-level perspective.The first chapter looks at social mobilization before the outbreak of violence in Nigeria and in Africa more widely. By mapping the timing of survey interviews in relation to occurrences of violent communal conflict, the chapter demonstrates that in regions where the central state is weak, social mobilization predicts outbreaks of communal violence. Drawing on a variety of data sources, I demonstrate that the mobilization efforts we observe are indicative not of predatory intent but of efforts to prevent and prepare for the violence to come. The second chapter explores the larger pattern of ethnic diversity and cooperation in Africa, combining data from 33 African countries with continent-wide information on ethnic diversity. I find that, overall, ethnically diverse regions tend to have higher levels of cooperation. I explain this finding by disaggregating ethnic diversity into first-order ethnic diversity - the ethnic diversity of a community proper, theorized to undermine local cooperation - and second-order ethnic diversity - the ethnic diversity of the hinterland of a community, theorized to reinforce cooperation by inducing ethnic competition. I demonstrate that while first-order ethnic diversity is associated with lowered levels of cooperation, second-order diversity consistently goes along with higher levels of cooperation, especially in regions that have seen high levels of interethnic tensions. For the last chapter, I leave Africa and zoom in to a single region in Georgia, where exposure to ethnic outgroups varies on the micro-level. Using lab-in-the field methods I compare village-level variations in threat perceptions and cooperation. In order to measure threat perceptions behaviourally and without the confounding influence of a competitive setup, I introduce a new game, the threat game. Cooperation is measured with a standard public goods game. I find that levels of both ingroup cooperation and perceived threat are higher in regions more strongly exposed to ethnic outsiders, and that this effect is due to those feeling particularly threatened being spurred into investing in their ingroup rather than withdrawing their support from it. The introduction and conclusion serve to discuss overarching issues. I highlight the need for a comprehensive theory integrating threat, conflict and cooperation; explore the potential of variations in threat levels for explaining the distribution of cooperativeness across regions; and draw out the implications of the threat-cooperation nexus for contemporary multicultural societies.

Author : Helen Cowie
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 198 pages
File Size : 28,23 MB
Release : 2018-02-06
Category : Education
ISBN : 1351335049

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First published in 1994, this book describes how cooperative group work can enhance relationships in the classroom, reduce prejudice and alleviate problems of victimisation and peer rejection. It combines quantitative experimental analysis with detailed case studies; considers the impact of the family on pupil behaviour; and concludes with practical recommendations to foster social acceptance in the classroom. There is a strong emphasis on helping teachers to develop group work in their classrooms as an effective means of averting trouble and inducing a genuinely better attitude to collaboration with their fellow pupils. The difficulties in implementation which can arise if teachers are not motivated, or if pupils are disruptive, are honestly confronted. The book will also help educational and developmental psychologists involved in resolving behavioural difficulties resulting from social tensions in multi-ethnic classrooms.

Author : Ana Bracic
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 48,27 MB
Release : 2020-03-24
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0190050683

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Social exclusion of minority groups is an intractable problem in many diverse nations. For some minority groups this means going to segregated schools, for others not having access to gainful employment or quality healthcare. But why does social exclusion persist, and what can one do to stop it? This book proposes a theory of how individual behavior contributes to social exclusion, a novel method for measuring that behavior, and solutions to ending it. Based on original fieldwork among Central and Eastern European Roma, the largest ethnic minority in Europe (yet still very understudied), and non-Roma, Ana Bracic develops a theory she calls the exclusion cycle, through which anti-minority culture gives rise to discrimination by members of the majority, and minority members develop survival strategies. Members of the majority resent these strategies, assuming that they are endemic to the minority group rather than an outcome of their own discriminatory behavior. To illustrate her theory, Bracic includes an analysis of a video game she created that simulates interactions between Roma and non-Roma participants, which members of these groups played through avatars (thereby avoiding contentious face-to-face interactions). The results demonstrate that majority members discriminate against minority members even when minority group members behave in ways identical to the majority. It also shows the way in which minority members develop survival mechanisms. Bracic draws on the results of the simulation to offer evidence that this cycle can be broken through NGO-promoted discussion and interaction between groups. She also draws on extant scholarship on interactions between Muslim women in France, African Americans, the Batwa in Uganda, and their respective majority communities.

Author : George Paul Meiu
Publisher : Indiana University Press
Page : 278 pages
File Size : 35,25 MB
Release : 2020-08-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 025304796X

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In the economics of everyday life, even ethnicity has become a potential resource to be tapped, generating new sources of profit and power, new ways of being social, and new visions of the future. Throughout Africa, ethnic corporations have been repurposed to do business in mining or tourism; in the USA, Native American groupings have expanded their involvement in gaming, design, and other industries; and all over the world, the commodification of culture has sown itself deeply into the domains of everything from medicine to fashion. Ethnic groups increasingly seek empowerment by formally incorporating themselves, by deploying their sovereign status for material ends, and by copyrighting their cultural practices as intellectual property. Building on ethnographic case studies from Kenya, Nepal, Peru, Russia, and many other countries, this collection poses the question: Does the turn to the incorporation and commodification of ethnicity really herald a new historical moment in the global politics of identity?

Author : Brian Shoup
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 18,7 MB
Release : 2007-08-09
Category : History
ISBN : 1134079761

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Interethnic competition in plural societies is often characterized by acounterbalance of political and economic strength between different groups. In such cases, tensions emerge as politically dominant groups fear loss of hegemony to more economically aggressive groups. Likewise, economically successful groups require key public goods and a poli