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This book provides stimulating and timely suggestions about expanding the world food supply to include a variety of minilivestock. It suggests a wide variety of small animals as nutritious food. These animals include arthropods (insects, earthworms, snails, frogs), and various rodents. The major advantage of minilivestock is that they do not have t
The genetic modification of crops continues to be the subject of intense debate, and opinions are often strongly polarised. Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crops addresses the major concerns of scientists, policy makers, environmental lobby groups and the general public regarding this controversial issue, from an editorially neutral standpoint. Included is a chapter by Bruce Tabashnik on the recent discovery of the first documented case of field-evolved resistance to a crop genetically modified to carry the gene for the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. While the main focus is on environmental impact, food safety issues for both humans and animals are also considered. The book concludes with a discussion on the future of agricultural biotechnology in the context of sustainability, natural resource management and future global population and food supply.
Arthropods are invertebrates that constitute over 90% of the animal kingdom, and their bio-ecology is closely linked with global functioning and survival. Arthropods play an important role in maintaining the health of ecosystems, provide livelihoods and nutrition to human communities, and are important indicators of environmental change. Yet the population trends of several arthropods species show them to be in decline. Arthropods constitute a dominant group with 1.2 million species influencing earth’s biodiversity. Among arthropods, insects are predominant, with ca. 1 million species and having evolved some 350 million years ago. Arthropods are closely associated with living and non-living entities alike, making the ecosystem services they provide crucially important. In order to be effective, plans for the conservation of arthropods and ecosystems should include a mixture of strategies like protecting key habitats and genomic studies to formulate relevant policies for in situ and ex situ conservation. This two-volume book focuses on capturing the essentials of arthropod inventories, biology, and conservation. Further, it seeks to identify the mechanisms by which arthropod populations can be sustained in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and by means of which certain problematic species be managed without producing harmful environmental side-effects. This edited compilation includes chapters contributed by over 80 biologists on a wide range of topics embracing the diversity, distribution, utility and conservation of arthropods and select groups of insect taxa. More importantly, it describes in detail the mechanisms of sustaining arthropod ecosystems, services and populations. It addresses the contribution of modern biological tools such as molecular and genetic techniques regulating gene expression, as well as conventional, indigenous practices in arthropod conservation. The contributors reiterate the importance of documenting and understanding the biology of arthropods from a holistic perspective before addressing conservation issues at large. This book offers a valuable resource for all zoologists, entomologists, ecologists, conservation biologists, policy makers, teachers and students interested in the conservation of biological resources.
Entomophagy has been touted as one means to address global food insecurity. Many nutrient-dense insect species require considerably less feed, land, and water to survive and thrive than traditional livestock - while emitting fewer greenhouse gases. Minilivestock production is one way to supply edible insects, but acceptability and feasibility require further evaluation. This dissertation explores the social, environmental, and health implications of minilivestock as a new agricultural activity. Social acceptability of minilivestock, and alignment with food sovereignty, largely depends on existing perceptions of insects. A case study of Kazoka, Zambia reveals that edible insects serve as totems. They are understood socially, closely associated with urbanism, class, gender, and age. Future farming initiatives that optimize production, minimize labor, and highlight benefits are more likely to be socially accepted. Findings from a baseline survey in Lusaka Province suggest that entomophagy behaviors and perceptions vary significantly by district and age, but the practice overall is viewed positively. The productivity and health benefits of insect agriculture will be contingent on feed sources and ultimate nutritional quality of insects. Results of Tenebrio molitor feed studies using three diets (control, mixed, maize stover) demonstrate that low-nutrient stover is a suitable feedstock. Resulting larvae have high protein levels with slightly reduced amino acid quality, but more iron compared to the control. Crop residue is a useful feed, but enhanced feed treatments, alternatives, or mixtures are needed to optimize T. molitor quality and growth. Health outcomes from entomophagy are likely influenced not only by nutrition, but also by effects on the microbiome. Findings from a double-blind, crossover trial, where adults consumed 25g Gryllodes sigillatus powder for 14 days, reveal tolerability and no signs of toxicity. Consumption did not dramatically disrupt phyla level gut microbiota, but did support growth of some probiotic species, including Bifidobacterium animalis. Minilivestock are underdeveloped and underutilized. They represent a golden opportunity with potential benefits for human and planetary health. Additional policy action and research are required to amplify gains while minimizing risks, while also preserving food sovereignty. Unknowns remain, but the multiple arms of this dissertation synergistically highlight that minilivestock deserve further exploration.
This book presents comprehensive information on various aspects of ecology with special reference to insects, to form a platform to design an ecologically sound insect pest management. Insects are the most dominant and diverse group of living organism on earth. Owing to their smaller size, smaller space and food requirements, more number of generation per unit time, insects serves as one of the best subject matter for studies on various ecological aspects such as chemical ecology, population dynamics, predator/parasitoid-prey interactions etc. The knowledge on various aspects of insect ecology helps in formulating an effective environmentally benign insect pest management. This book is of interest and use to the post graduate students and researchers working on various aspects of insect ecology with special emphasis on population dynamics, chemical ecology, tri tropic interactions, ecological engineering and Ecological Insect pest management.
｜Foreword｜ The annual International Agriculture Innovation Conference (IAIC) series started in October 2016 as an assembly platform for leading researchers, educators, and developers to present, discuss, and examine various challenging issues relating to agricultural production and innovation. In January 2018, the International Association for Agricultural Sustainability (IAAS) took IAIC under its wing with expectations that IAIC expands its influence by inviting more agriculture-related professionals to participate in conferences. I sincerely welcome you to join our conference and to share your ideas on agriculture sustainability with us. First, I would like to thank the 2017 conference participants who successfully helped us create the IAIC. The IAIC 2017 would not have been successful without their support and cooperation. Next, I especially appreciate the assistance and support from the IAIC 2017 conference sponsors — Hug Nimman Hotel, Chiang Mei. Last but not least, the keynote speakers of IAIC 2017. This book would not have been published without their efforts and contributions. In order to improve current agricultural circumstances and attain environmental sustainability, agriculture innovation has become the primary strategy nowadays toward achieving these goals. The concept of adapting agricultural innovation to every phase of agricultural production and management is the foundation for this book. This is the sequel of book Case Studies: Insights On Agriculture Innovation 2016 which collects information on various agricultural innovation ideas and technologies that have been applied or are being developed for agricultural operations and management in different countries. I believe this book will provide you with new and inspiring ideas about the future of agriculture development, and illustrate how innovations in methods and techniques influence agriculture production, environmental sustainability, and the quality of people’s lives around the world.（Dr. Cheng-I Wei, Chairman of IAAS） ｜Contents｜ Foreword Preface Introduction of Authors About IAAS Chapter 01．Agricultural Innovation for Profitability and Environmental Sustainability．Cheng-I Wei / Alfreda Wei Chapter 02．Time-Orientation in Sustainable Development of Agriculture versus the UN Sustainable Development Goals．Göran Svensson / Carmen Padin Fabeiro Chapter 03．Sustainable and Nutritional Benefits of Edible Insect Production and Distribution as a Meat or Protein Substitute．Miranda Mirosa / John Birch / Claudia Clarkson Chapter 04．The Challenges of Agricultural Innovation and Climate Change Adaptation in Developing Country．Nirote Sinnarong / Olalekan Israel Aiikulola Chapter 05．Technological Convergence and Entrepreneurial Opportunities．Tan Wee Liang Chapter 06．The Conceptual of Decision Support System for Halal Supply Chain Innovation．Rika Ampuh Hadiguna Chapter 07．Innovative Practices for Sustainable Agriculture in a Global Environment．Pamela Rae Becker Chapter 08．Risk Management - Applying Systematic Risk Management Methodology into Wild Berry Based Business．Pekka Kess Chapter 09．Key Trends in Indian Agriculture．Kothandapani Ganesh Chapter 10．New Internet Marketing Strategy: the Application of the CCB Model．Tzong-Ru Lee / Chun-Yu Chien
The harvesting, processing and consumption of edible insects is one of the main keys to the sustainability of food chains on the African continent. Insects are the largest and most successful group of animals on the planet and it is estimated that they comprise 80% of all animals. This makes edible insects extremely important to the future survival of large populations across Africa and the world. Insects offer a complete animal protein that includes all 9 essential amino acids and are very competitive with other protein sources. They are also a good source of beneficial unsaturated fats, and many insects have a perfect Omega 3:6 balance. African Edible Insects As Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components comprehensively outlines the importance of edible insects as food and animal feed and the processing of insects in Africa. The text also highlights indigenous knowledge of edible insects and shows the composition and nutritional value of these insects, plus presents reviews of current research and developments in this rapidly expanding field. All of the main types of edible insects are covered, including their nutritional value, chemical makeup, and harvesting and processing details. The various preparation technologies are covered for each insect, as are their individual sensory qualities and safety aspects. A key aspect of this work is its focus on the role of insects in edible oils and gelatins. Individual chapters focus on entomophagy in Africa and the various key aspects of the continent's growing edible insect consumption market. As it becomes increasingly clear that the consumption of insects will play a major role in the sustainability of food chains in Africa, this work can be used as a comprehensive and up-to-date singular source for researchers looking for a complete overview on this crucial topic.
This book overviews the role of insects in providing various human, environmental, recreational, aesthetic, and cultural services. It presents a comprehensive account of insect service providers to show different aspects of insects and cultivate the appreciation of insects. Insects are beneficial to humans as ecofriendly tools, as parasitoids and predators in the biological control of insect pests and vectors, reducing the use of agrochemicals in modern agriculture and protecting the environment. Insects facilitate crop pollination and increase the agricultural yield. They are farmers’ friends, and serve as food for the human population worldwide, provide pharmaceuticals, take part in ecosystem services, and work as scavengers. Insects are used in disease therapy and wound healing. They are also helpful in criminal investigations and are the best models for research and technology innovations. Insects also yield various silks, lac, honey, propolis, wax, etc., promoting insect tourism, recreations, and culture. This contributed volume focuses on these different beneficial aspects of insects in human life. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students of entomology, agricultural zoology, researchers, and anyone interested in insects, including policy planners.
Insect protein production through ‘mini-livestock farming’ has enormous potential to reduce the level of malnutrition in critical areas across the world. It has been estimated that insect eating is practised regularly by over two billion people, mostly in China and in most tropical countries in Africa, South America, and Asia. However, eating insects has been taboo in many western nations. Reasons for this are discussed in this book with examples from Finland and the UK. The enormous boom of insect farming in Finland started in September 2017 when the business type was legalized. However, a large part of the population found the insect food too expensive and exotic. UK research outlines a multitude of promising strategies to overcome ‘western’ resistance to eating insects. This book also includes a chapter on the potential of insect farming to increase global food security. It shows that Africa is a hotspot of edible insect biodiversity and there more than 500 species consumed daily. We have several examples of viable insect farming businesses that can fight poverty and malnutrition in developing countries and provide profit and wealth to rural farmers. The chapters of the book cover countries such as Cameroon, Ecuador, Finland, Ghana, India, Mexico, the UK, and the US.