[PDF] Distributed Renewable Energies For Off Grid Communities eBook
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It is estimated that more than two billion people worldwide lack access to modern energy resources. Renewable energy has the potential to bring power to these many communities and individuals who function off the grid. This book describes the latest advances in distributed and off-grid renewable energy technologies and offers strategies and guidelines for planning and implementation of sustainable, decentralized energy supply. Coverage includes wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass systems planning and integration, economic assessment models and the role of legislative structures. -- Back Cover.
Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Empowering a Sustainable, Competitive, and Secure Twenty-First Century, Second Edition, is a fully revised reference on advances in achieving successful energy transition. Addressing the highly dynamic, complex and multidimensional process of a dominant socio-technical system transforming into another, this up-to-date reference addresses all stages of this complex process with data and figures to demonstrate how to tackle the process of changing a society's energy circumstance. This new edition provides an updated picture of renewables in communities and their use, covering energy concepts, strategies, prospects and combining all aspects to provide a roadmap to self-sustainable development. Addressing the influence of society on the development of renewable industry, this book provides guidelines with case studies, along with trends and innovative practices regarding renewable energy and their applications with a goal of successfully establishing smooth energy transitions in self-sustainable communities. Includes case studies that provide solutions for future decentralized energy supply problems Contains fully updated equations, data sections and figures for all energy technologies Shares a blueprint for the development of self-sustainable Integrated Renewable Communities
Energy is directly related to the most critical economic and social issues which affect sustainable development such as mobility, food production, environmental quality, regional and global security issues. Two-thirds of the new demand will come from developing nations, with China accounting for 30%. Without adequate attention to the critical importance of energy to all these aspects, the global, social, economic and environmental goals of sustainability cannot be achieved. Indeed the magnitude of change needed is immense, fundamental and directly related to the energy produced and consumed nationally and internationally. Today, it is estimated that more than two billion people worldwide lack access to modern energy resources. Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities provides various options and case studies related to the potential of renewable energies along with their environmental, economic and social dimensions. Case studies provide you with solutions to for future decentralized energy supply. Expanded coverage over previous work in the field to include coverage of rural and urban communities Provides new solutions for future decentralized energy supply.
The creation of a flexible, efficient, digitized, dependable and resilient power grid may well be the best route to increasing energy efficiency & security, as well as boosting the potential of renewable & distributed power sources. This book covers smart grids from A-Z, providing a complete treatment of the topic, covering both policy and technology, explaining the most recent innovations supporting its development, and clarifying how the smart grid can support the integration of renewable energy resources. Among the most important topics included are smart metering, renewable energy storage, plug-in hybrids, flexible demand response, strategies for offsetting intermittency issues, micro-grids for off-grid communities, and specific in-depth coverage of wind and solar power integration. The content draws lessons from an international panel of contributors, whose diverse experiences implementing smart grids will help to provide templates for success. Provides critical information on the technological, design and policy issues that must be taken into account to ensure that the smart grid is implemented successfully Demonstrates how smart grids can help utilities adhere to increased renewable portfolio standards Provides examples of successful microgrid/smart metering projects from around the world that can act as templates for developers, operators and investors embarking upon similar projects
This open access book addresses the issue of diffusing sustainable energy access in low- and middle-income contexts. Access to energy is one of the greatest challenges for many people living in low- income and developing contexts, as around 1.4 billion people lack access to electricity. Distributed Renewable Energy systems (DRE) are considered a promising approach to address this challenge and provide energy access to all. However, even if promising, the implementation of DRE systems is not always straightforward. The book analyses, discusses and classifies the promising Sustainable Product-Service System (S.PSS) business models to deliver Distributed Renewable Energy systems in an effective, efficient and sustainable way. Its message is supported with cases studies and examples, discussing the economic, environmental and socioethical benefits as well as its limitations and barriers to its implementation. An innovative design approach is proposed and a set of design tools are supplied, enabling readers to create and develop Sustainable Product-Service System (S.PSS) solutions to deliver Distributed Renewable Energy systems. Practical applications of the book’s design approach and tools by companies and practitioners are discussed and the book will be of interest to readers in design, industry, governmental institutions, NGOs as well as researchers.
More than 1.3 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity. Although extension of the electricity grid remains the preferred mode of electrification, off-grid electrification can offer a solution to such cases. Rural Electrification through Decentralised Off-grid Systems in Developing Countries provides a review of rural electrification experiences with an emphasis on off-grid electrification and presents business-related aspects including participatory arrangements, financing, and regulatory governance. Organized in three parts, Rural Electrification through Decentralised Off-grid Systems in Developing Countries provides comprehensive coverage and state-of-the art reviews which appraise the reader of the latest trend in the thinking. The first part presents the background information on electricity access, discusses the developmental implications of lack of electricity infrastructure and provides a review of alternative off-grid technologies. The second part presents a review of experiences from various regions (South Asia, China, Africa, South East Asia and South America). Finally, the third part deals with business dimensions and covers participatory business models, funding challenges for electrification and regulatory and governance issues. Based on the research carried out under the EPSRC/ DfID funded research grant for off-grid electrification in South Asia, Rural Electrification through Decentralised Off-grid Systems in Developing Countries provides a multi-disciplinary perspective of the rural electrification challenge through off-grid systems. Providing a practical introduction for students, this is also a key reference for engineers and governing bodies working with off-grid electrification.
This publication promotes the use of distributed renewable energy systems and presents lessons learned from the Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic Mini-Grid Project in Cobrador Island, Philippines. Affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all that meets environmental goals is central to global development and policy making. Access to electricity continues to improve in Asia and the Pacific, yet many rural areas lag behind due to challenges in the economic and financial viability of grid extensions. This publication discusses the advantages of distributed renewable energy systems as a solution. It also outlines techniques and tools to optimize renewable energy resources for off-grid electrification that can complement and supplement national energy plans and programs.
Distributed Energy Resources in Local Integrated Energy Systems: Optimal Operation and Planning reviews research and policy developments surrounding the optimal operation and planning of DER in the context of local integrated energy systems in the presence of multiple energy carriers, vectors and multi-objective requirements. This assessment is carried out by analyzing impacts and benefits at local levels, and in distribution networks and larger systems. These frameworks represent valid tools to provide support in the decision-making process for DER operation and planning. Uncertainties of RES generation and loads in optimal DER scheduling are addressed, along with energy trading and blockchain technologies. Interactions among various energy carriers in local energy systems are investigated in scalable and flexible optimization models for adaptation to a number of real contexts thanks to the wide variety of generation, conversion and storage technologies considered, the exploitation of demand side flexibility, emerging technologies, and through the general mathematical formulations established. Integrates multi-energy DER, including electrical and thermal distributed generation, demand response, electric vehicles, storage and RES in the context of local integrated energy systems Fosters the integration of DER in the electricity markets through the concepts of DER aggregation Addresses the challenges of emerging paradigms as energy communities and energy blockchain applications in the current and future energy landscape Proposes operation optimization models and methods through multi-objective approaches for fostering short- and long-run sustainability of local energy systems Assesses and models the uncertainties of renewable resources and intermittent loads in the short-term decision-making process for smart decentralized energy systems
An increase in distributed energy resources (DERs), particularly non-dispatchable variable renewable energy (VRE) sources such as rooftop photovoltaic and small-scale wind turbines, brings about new challenges to distribution system operators. DERs, such as VRE sources, battery energy storage systems, distributed (conventional) generators, and responsive loads, increase the complexity of the distribution system. Therefore, system characteristics shift away from the previously passive system toward an active distribution system. With an active distribution system, there comes a need for fair and transparent pricing schemes, which reward DERs for reducing losses, voltage violations, congestion, and imbalance of lines. Further, increased energy storage capabilities and demand-responsive loads will help integrate the distributed resources by instantaneously balancing generation and demand. These balancing actions must also be rewarded. Therefore, a distribution locational marginal price (DLMP) mechanism serving as a price signal for the economic dispatch of generation sources within the distribution system is first proposed. Defined as the marginal cost to supply the next increment of power to a specific location, this mechanism may encourage the acceptance of DERs due to the incentives arising from nodal pricing. DLMP components for energy, loss, voltage violation, and congestion for a linear approximation of the alternating current optimal power flow are leveraged in this work. The proposed method also addresses VRE uncertainty using the data-driven probability efficient point method. Numerical results show the DLMP mechanism can serve as a tool to improve distribution grid conditions by encouraging or discouraging real and reactive power consumption at specific nodes in the system. It is also demonstrated that three-phase real and reactive nodal pricing allows for better control of diverse DERs in active distribution systems. The DLMP is further used in a home energy management system application that utilizes the blockchain for secure communication. Next, an investigation into the impact of coupling the electricity distribution and drinking water networks on the DLMP and efficient VRE integration is undergone. Water pumps serve as demand-responsive loads that follow the available VRE generation. This technique is achieved by using elevated water tanks to optimally schedule the water network operation to meet water demands while improving grid conditions. A novel linear coordinated water and energy model is formulated and validated on a coupled electrical distribution system and water network. Results show the impact of coupling water and energy networks on the cost of operation and the DLMPs. The inclusion of water tanks as alternative storage devices in the electricity distribution network are shown to moderately reduce voltage violations, line congestion, and VRE curtailments in a case with high VRE penetration. Finally, unique demand response and storage solutions are identified within an agricultural community microgrid that considers an electricity-run green ammonia synthesis plant. The small-scale ammonia plant's operational schedule follows the available VRE generation to reduce VRE curtailment and improve grid conditions. Excess renewables in the system can be stored as chemical energy in anhydrous ammonia. When the price of electricity is extremely high, the proposed model accounts for a direct ammonia fuel cell that consumes ammonia to provide electricity back to the grid. This work proposes a linear coordinated operational model of an electricity distribution system and an electricity-run, green ammonia plant. Case studies are performed on an agricultural community microgrid. Results indicate the ammonia plant can adequately serve as a demand response resource and positively impact the DLMP. Studies showed this coupling decreased electricity costs of the ammonia plant by nearly a third, with ammonia profits increasing 17%. This dissertation can serve as a tool for utilities implementing the DLMP market mechanism in distribution systems. It can further assist with the operation of coordinated operation of water and electricity distribution networks under uncertain VRE generation. Finally, agricultural community microgrid operators can utilize techniques proposed in this dissertation with the hope of increasing the vitality of small towns and rural communities.