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Author : International Monetary Fund Publisher : International Monetary Fund Page : 81 pages File Size : 40,28 MB Release : 2015-01-29 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 1498344895
This paper addresses core challenges that all tax administrations face in dealing with noncompliance—which are now receiving renewed attention. Long a priority in developing countries, assuring strong compliance has acquired greater priority in countries facing intensified revenue needs, and is critical for fairness and statebuilding. Series: Policy Papers
Governments in African countries rely heavily on tax revenue to finance their development projects and public services. However, tax collection in many African countries is plagued by inefficiencies, low compliance, and inadequate revenue mobilization. The World Bank estimates that sub-Saharan Africa has one of the lowest tax-to-GDP ratios in the world, with an average rate of 17.2%, compared to the global average of 23.1%.Tax collection in Africa is hindered by a number of factors, including weak tax administration, low levels of tax compliance, and limited access to technology. The lack of advanced technology and automation in tax administration has resulted in manual and paper-based systems that are inefficient, costly, and prone to corruption. This has made tax collection and compliance difficult, and has limited the amount of revenue that governments can generate from taxes.To overcome these challenges, African governments are increasingly turning to technology as a means of improving tax collection efficiency and increasing revenue mobilization. Technology adoption in tax administration has the potential to improve tax compliance, reduce the costs of tax collection, and increase revenue collection. The adoption of technology can also improve transparency, accountability, and reduce the potential for corruption in tax administration.This article explores the use of technology in tax collection in African countries, with a focus on its impact on tax collection efficiency. Specifically, the article examines case studies from Rwanda and Kenya, two African countries that have made significant progress in using technology to improve tax collection efficiency.The article begins with a literature review that discusses the challenges facing tax collection in African countries, the benefits of technology adoption in tax administration, and the factors that influence tax collection efficiency. The literature review also examines the existing literature on the adoption of technology in developing countries and the lessons that can be learned from these experiences.Next, the article describes the research design and methodology, including the case studies used in the research and the data collection methods. The case studies focuses on the use of technology in tax collection and administration in Rwanda and Kenya, and the impact of technology adoption on tax collection efficiency in these countries.The results of the research are presented and analyzed, including an examination of the impact of technology adoption on tax collection efficiency in Rwanda and Kenya. The article discussed the factors that facilitated or hindered technology adoption in these countries, and the lessons that can be learned from their experiences.The article provides a detailed case study of the tax system and technology adoption in Rwanda and Kenya. The case study examined the current state of tax collection in these countries, the technologies used to improve tax collection, and the impact of these technologies on tax collection efficiency.Finally, the article concludes by summarizing the main findings of the research and discussed the implications of the results for tax policy in African countries. The article suggests areas for future research on the adoption of technology in tax collection and administration in African countries.Overall, the article contributes to the existing literature on tax collection efficiency and technology adoption in developing countries. It provides insights into the challenges facing African countries in tax collection and administration, and the potential of technology adoption to overcome these challenges and improve tax collection efficiency.
The Fund has long played a lead role in supporting developing countries’ efforts to improve their revenue mobilization. This paper draws on that experience to review issues and good practice, and to assess prospects in this key area.
How do countries mobilize large tax revenue—defined as an average increase in the tax-to-GDP ratio of 0.5 percent per year over three years or more? To answer this question, we build a novel dataset covering 55 episodes of large tax revenue mobilization in low-income countries and emerging markets. We find that: (i) reforms of indirect taxes and exemptions are the most common tax policy measures; (ii) multi-pronged tax administration reforms often go hand in hand with tax policy measures or are stand alone; and (iii) sustainability of the episodes hinges on tax administration reforms in the key compliance areas (risk-based audits, registration, filing, payment, and reporting).
This report is the ninth edition of the OECD's Tax Administration Series. It provides internationally comparative data on aspects of tax systems and their administration in 59 advanced and emerging economies.
Tax administration improvements have contributed significantly to a doubling of China’s tax-to-GDP ratio and the substantial reduction in taxpayers’ compliance costs since the mid-1990s. This paper describes the key features of China’s tax administration and their evolution over the last 20 years. It also identifes emerging challenges to the tax system and areas where further tax administration improvements are needed to sustain tax revenue and reduce taxpayers’ compliance costs in the future.
How can Low-Income Countries (LICs) enhance tax revenue collection to finance their vast development needs? We address this question by analyzing seven tax reform experiences in LICs (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Maldives, Mauritania, Rwanda, Senegal, and Uganda). Three lessons stand out, although reforms must be tailored to individual circumstances: (i) Tax reforms require first and foremost political commitment and buy-in from key stakeholders; (ii) Countries that pursue both revenue administration and tax policy reforms tend to see much larger and persistent gains; and (iii) A successful strategy often starts with fiscal reform measures with immediate effect to build momentum. These can include: simplifying the tax system; curbing exemptions; reforming indirect taxes on goods and services (e.g., excises); and better managing compliance risks through strengthening taxpayer segmentation (often beginning with strengthening the Large Taxpayers Office). A comprehensive reform strategy (e.g., a medium-term revenue strategy) can help to properly sequence reform measures and facilitate their implementation.
It is generally difficult to measure revenue not collected due to noncompliance, but a growing number of countries now regularly produce and publish estimated revenue losses. Good tax gap analysis enables the detection of changes in taxpayer behavior by consistent estimates over time. This Technical Note sets out the theoretical concepts for personal income tax (PIT) gap estimation, the different measurement approaches available, and their implications for the scope and presentation of statistics. The note also focuses on the practical steps for measuring the PIT gap by establishing a random audit program to collect data, and how to scale findings from the sample to the population.
This paper studies the impact of "nudges" on taxpayers with varying tax compliance histories in Papua New Guinea. We present the results from two population-wide randomized controlled trials in a setting that is characterized by low compliance rates and a lack of effective enforcement. We test the impact of text messages, flyers and emails that remind taxpayers of declaration due dates and provide information about the public benefits from paying tax. We find that the treatments increased the number of tax declarations filed without increasing the amount of tax paid because the taxpayers who responded to the nudges were largely exempt from paying tax. This result is consistent across tax types, communication channels and time periods. We also find that the treatments had no impact on previously non-filing taxpayers. Collectively, our results indicate that taxpayers who face the lowest cost from complying are most likely to respond to a nudge.