[PDF] Cognitive And Perceptual Mechanisms In Clinical And Non Clinical Auditory Hallucinations eBook

Author : Saruchi Vijay Chhabra
Publisher :
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 26,16 MB
Release : 2012
Category : Auditory hallucinations
ISBN :

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[Truncated abstract] Auditory hallucinations (AH) are one of the most persistent, distressing, and functionally disabling symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite significant research into aetiology and treatment, the full picture of the mechanisms involved in these experiences remains unclear. AH also occur relatively frequently in healthy individuals in the general population, supporting a continuum model of psychotic symptoms. However, there have been recent challenges to this view, including evidence of important differences in the phenomenology and cognitive mechanisms in patient and non-patient voice hearers. The overarching goal of this thesis is to advance our understanding of the commonalities and differences in cognitive and perceptual mechanisms underlying clinical and non-clinical AH. One of the core features of AH involves them being experienced as separate from one s own mental processes. These experiences have predominantly been explained by failures of self-recognition, or reality monitoring difficulties; however evidence points to a broader array of context memory impairments in AH. The first part of this thesis sought to explore the exact nature of context memory deficits in clinical and non-clinical AH. By assessing memory binding of voice and location information, the first two experiments revealed that healthy, hallucination-predisposed individuals are not impaired in either automatic or intentional binding of two external, contextual features of information in memory. In order to make firm conclusions about whether context memory impairments are/are not present in non-clinical compared to clinical AH, the third experiment applied an identical word-voice memory binding task in two separate studies of: (1) hallucination-prone individuals, and (2) schizophrenia patients (with and without AH). Analyses revealed no evidence of impaired binding in high hallucination-prone individuals relative to controls. In contrast, compared to controls, individuals with schizophrenia (both with and without AH) had difficulties binding the two stimulus features (remembering who said what ), alongside difficulties remembering individual words and voices. These results suggest that the extent of context memory deficits in schizophrenia is more wide-ranging than simply a deficit in identifying the self as a source of mental events. Poorer memory for these real, external voices and impaired binding of words to voices were also associated with higher ratings of the loudness of hallucinated voices reported by individuals with AH. The findings in the first part of this thesis underscore the importance of voice recognition difficulties in patients with schizophrenia, including a functional link to AH. The second part of this thesis explored the particular contribution of voice identity processing to clinical and non-clinical AH. Two separate experiments were designed using identical methodology, and age appropriate controls, to assess voice identity discrimination in: (1) individuals with schizophrenia (with and without AH), and (2) healthy undergraduates with a tendency to hallucinate. Results revealed atypical processing of resonance, though not pitch-based cues to vocal identity in patients with and without AH, but intact voice identity discrimination in hallucination-predisposed individuals...

Author : Johanna C. Badcock
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 20,72 MB
Release : 2014-03-07
Category :
ISBN : 2889192032

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There has been a recent surge of interest in auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia compared to those experienced by non-clinical (i.e. healthy) individuals. This interest stems in no small part from a keen awareness of the fact that progress in developing more effective treatments for AH in psychosis has been seriously hampered by our limited understanding of the cognitive and biological mechanisms involved. The prevailing notion that AH in clinical and non-clinical populations share the same features and underlying mechanisms - the continuum hypothesis - has been seriously challenged by a growing list of differences, as well as similarities, between these groups. At the phenomenological level this is exemplified in the highly negative content of AH in patients and the markedly earlier age of onset of AH in non-patients. Similarly, several recent studies point to significant differences in cognition, language lateralization and, possibly, dopamine function between these groups. These findings have important implications for the design of future studies, and raise considerable doubt about the adequacy of modelling the functional mechanisms of clinical AH on the basis of non-clinical populations. In short, the time seems ripe to re-evaluate the continuum hypothesis and provide a forum to present alternative perspectives on the functional pathways leading to AH in clinical and non-clinical groups. Such a forum is also timely in view of the renewed interest in AH in other (non-schizophrenic) clinical groups, again examining similarities and differences between such groups. Preliminary studies, for instance, have shown that AH in certain clinical populations (e.g. bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, dissociative disorder) share similar phenomenological features with AH in schizophrenia. However, the implications of such findings are not fully understood, and studies have not adequately examined potential differences between AH in these groups. The goal of this Frontiers Research Topic, therefore, is take the opportunity to bring together research exploring differences and similarities in mechanisms of AH in clinical and non-clinical groups and to stimulate the development of new explanatory models which explicitly link the phenomenological characteristics of AH with underlying mechanisms.

Author : Katherine J. Aitchison
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 152 pages
File Size : 47,86 MB
Release : 1999-02-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781853174353

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The new edition of this popular handbook has been thoroughly updated to include the latest data concerning treatment of first-episode patients. Drawing from their experience, the authors discuss the presentation and assessment of the first psychotic episode and review the appropriate use of antipsychotic agents and psychosocial approaches in effective management.

Author : Renaud Jardri
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 567 pages
File Size : 18,65 MB
Release : 2012-09-25
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1461441218

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Hallucinatory phenomena have held the fascination of science since the dawn of medicine, and the popular imagination from the beginning of recorded history. Their study has become a critical aspect of our knowledge of the brain, making significant strides in recent years with advances in neuroimaging, and has established common ground among what normally are regarded as disparate fields. The Neuroscience of Hallucinations synthesizes the most up-to-date findings on these intriguing auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory experiences, from their molecular origins to their cognitive expression. In recognition of the wide audience for this information among the neuroscientific, medical, and psychology communities, its editors bring a mature evidence base to highly subjective experience. This knowledge is presented in comprehensive detail as leading researchers across the disciplines ground readers in the basics, offer current cognitive, neurobiological, and computational models of hallucinations, analyze the latest neuroimaging technologies, and discuss emerging interventions, including neuromodulation therapies, new antipsychotic drugs, and integrative programs. Among the topics covered: Hallucinations in the healthy individual. A pathophysiology of transdiagnostic hallucinations including computational and connectivity modeling. Molecular mechanisms of hallucinogenic drugs. Structural and functional variations in the hallucinatory brain in schizophrenia. The neurodevelopment of hallucinations. Innovations in brain stimulation techniques and imaging-guided therapy. Psychiatrists, neurologists, neuropsychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, clinical psychologists, and pharmacologists will welcome The Neuroscience of Hallucinations as a vital guide to the current state and promising future of their shared field.

Author : Andreas Marneros
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 41,14 MB
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 3642794858

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One of the most important questions of our previous common volumes about affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders was the question of what connects and what separates psychotic disorders (Marneros and Tsuang, Schizo affective Psychoses, Springer-Verlag, 1986; Marneros and Tsuang Affective and Schizoaffective Disorders, Springer-Verlag, 1990; Marneros, Andreasen, and Tsuang, Negative and Positive Schizophrenia, Springer-Verlag 1993). The boundaries between various psychotic disorders are not always clearly defined. Some groups of psychotic disorders, such as schizoaffective disorders and all the other "atypical" psychoses, occupy a position between "typical" mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, and affective disorders. The question is: Do psychotic disorders form a continuum, or are they, despite their unclear boundaries, distinct entities? On what basis should we assume there is a continuity of psychotic disorders? Solely symptomatology? Or perhaps also a continuity in genetic predispositions? Or in biological, pharmacological, and other dimensions? Is the old idea of "Einheitspsychose" (unitary psychosis) really always wrong? The contributions contained in this new volume cannot provide a definite answer to the above questions. But they try to describe some relevant aspects of the problem, and to give some partial answers. Halle-Wittenberg, Germany A. MARNEROS Brockton, USA M. T. TSUANG Iowa, USA N. C. ANDREASEN October 1994 Contents Part I Psychotic Continuum: An Introduction A. MARNEROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Psychotic Continuum or Distinct Entities: Perspectives from Psychopathology CH. MUNDT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Psychotic Continuum Under Longitudinal Considerations A. MARNEROS, A. ROHDE, and A. DEISTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Psychotic Continuum or Distinct Entities: Perspective from Psychopharmacology H. Y. MELTZER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Author : Peter Langland-Hassan
Publisher :
Page : 349 pages
File Size : 18,98 MB
Release : 2018
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0198796641

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Inner Speech focuses on a familiar and yet mysterious element of our daily lives. In light of renewed interest in the general connections between thought, language, and consciousness, this anthology develops a number of important new theories about internal voices and raises questions about their nature and cognitive functions.

Author : Wolfram Keup
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 36,73 MB
Release : 2013-04-17
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1461586453

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Hallucinations, a natural phenomenon as old as mankind, have a surprisingly wide range. They appear under the most diversified conditions, in the "normal" psyche as well as in severe chronic mental derangement. As a symptom, hallucinations are a potential part of a variety of pathological conditions in almost all kinds of psychotic behavior. In addition, lately, various psychological and sociological circumstances seem to favor widespread use and abuse of hallucinogens, substances able to produce hallucinations in the normal brain. They not rarely lead to serious psychopatho logy such as toxic, and mobilized or aggravated endogenous psycho ses. While such development adds to our scientific knowledge, it also contributes to our current social troubles. Neurologists and neuro-surgeons, psychiatrists, psychologists and other specialized researchers constantly have been dealing with the phenomenon, its roots and branches, and yet, its primary mechanisms are largely un known. However, investigators of hallucinations now seem to enter common ground on which meaningful discussions and joint approaches become feasible and more promising. We have come a long way from the Latin term "hallucinari", meaning to talk nonsense, to be absent-minded, to the modern con cept of "hallucinations". While the Latin word was descriptive of what may be due to hallucinations, the modern concept defines hal lucinations as subjective experiences that are consequences of men tal processes, sometimes fulfilling a purpose in the individual's mental life.

Author : André Aleman
Publisher : American Psychological Association (APA)
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 11,30 MB
Release : 2008
Category : Medical
ISBN :

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"Hearing voices when nobody speaks or seeing objects no one else sees--hallucinations are intriguing phenomena that have puzzled clinicians, researchers, and lay people alike for centuries. In this book, authors Andr Aleman and Frank Laroi review the latest research on the cognitive and neural bases of hallucinations and outline their unique neurobiology by drawing on evidence from brain imaging and neurotransmission studies. Detailed attention is paid to hallucination characteristics in different forms of psychosis as well as other clinical groups and conditions, such as brain damage, Charles Bonnet syndrome, dementia, and chemical substance abuse. The authors integrate the wealth of recent findings into a cohesive framework and put forward a comprehensive, multicomponent model of hallucinations. They also explore treatment of hallucinations, ranging from pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy to transcranial magnetic stimulation. A comprehensive list of available hallucination questionnaires and scales is also included as a handy clinical assessment resource"--Jacket. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

Author : Mark Hayward
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 199 pages
File Size : 45,29 MB
Release : 2014-12-15
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1317622278

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This book draws on clinical research findings from the last three decades to offer a review of current psychological theories and therapeutic approaches to understanding and treating auditory hallucinations, addressing key methodological issues that need to be considered in evaluating interventions. Mark Hayward, Clara Strauss and Simon McCarthy-Jones present a historical narrative on lessons learnt, the evolution of evidence bases, and an agenda for the future. The text also provides a critique of varying therapeutic techniques, enabling practice and treatment decisions to be grounded in a balanced view of differing approaches. Chapters cover topics including: behavioural and coping approaches cognitive models of voice hearing the role of self-esteem and identity acceptance-based and mindfulness approaches interpersonal theory. Psychological Approaches to Understanding and Treating Auditory Hallucinations brings together and evaluates diffuse literature in an accessible and objective manner, making it a valuable resource for clinical researchers and postgraduate students. It will also be of significant interest to academic and clinical psychologists working within the field of psychotic experiences.