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The U.S. Department of Defense is considering a change in policy to allow transgender military personnel to serve openly. A RAND study examined the health care needs of transgender personnel, the costs of gender transition–related care, and the potential readiness implications of a policy change. The experiences of foreign militaries that permit transgender service members to serve openly also point to some best practices for U.S. policymakers.
"Under recent U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) policy, both the physical and psychological aspects of "transgender conditions" disqualified individuals from joining the military and were grounds for administrative discharge. However, in July 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter announced the creation of a working group "to study the policy and readiness implications of welcoming transgender persons to serve openly." He also directed that the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness would make the final decision on all administrative discharges for personnel diagnosed with gender dysphoria, a condition characterized by discomfort or distress resulting from a discrepancy between a person's gender identity and sex assigned at birth. As DoD reviews potential changes to its policy on transgender service members, it will need to consider the unique health care needs of this population, the potential costs associated with extending coverage for these needs, and the readiness implications of allowing transgender service members to serve openly. It could also benefit from lessons learned by foreign militaries that already permit transgender personnel to serve openly. A RAND study explored these issues, reviewed the experiences of foreign militaries with openly serving transgender personnel, and assessed which DoD accession, retention, separation, and deployment policies may require changes if transgender personnel are allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military"--Publisher's description.
The Office of the Secretary of Defense is considering allowing transgender service members to serve openly. To assist in identifying the potential implications of such a change in policy, OSD asked RAND's National Defense Research Institute to conduct a study comprised of three tasks: 1)identify the health care needs of the transgender population and potential health care utilization and costs associated with extending health care coverage for transition-related treatments, 2) assess the potential readiness impacts of allowing transgender service members to serve openty, and 3) review the experiences of foreign militaries. This report documents the findings from this study.
To inform a potential change in policy, a RAND study examined the health care needs of transgender military personnel, costs of gender transition-related care, and potential readiness implications of allowing transgender personnel to serve openly.
A transgender indiviA transgender individual feels a disconnect between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth. Before June 30, 2016, transgender individuals were prohibited from serving openly in the United States (U.S.) military. Even after the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT), the U.S. military did not abolish or revise the ban on transgender individuals military service. The DADT repeal was silent as to transgender individuals' rights to serve. However, the silence was broken when President Barack Obama and Defense Secretary Ash Carter announced a policy change, allowing transgender individuals to serve in the military. Yet, almost a year after Secretary Carter's policy change announcement, President Donald Trump announced the federal government would be halting the policy change and would be reinstating the transgender service ban. Reinstating the military transgender ban is an oversight to the Depart of Defense's (DoD) mission -- implementing national security and ultimately defending the U.S. This governmental oversight has been proven invalid more than once before: past U.S. military service discrimination of minority groups, foreign military policies allowing transgender individuals to serve, and through constitutional analysis. Furthermore, this Note generally emphasizes that there are two important reasons advocacy to end discrimination within the U.S. military must ultimately come from within the U.S. military. First, if unit cohesion is the essential factor to effective military discipline, comrades in arms must defend one another. Second, no one will be able to see and experience the effects of the transgender ban other than the military personnel who serve beside transgender service members. Part I of this Note overviews the context of the proposed transgender ban and addresses the current barriers transgender individuals face within the DoD. Part II gives necessary background information, explaining U.S. military's unit cohesion over the past few decades and how discriminated groups overcame legal hurdles to heed their call to military service. Part III examines foreign military policy regarding transgender individuals serving. Part IV addresses the current advocacy and constitutional jurisprudence aiding in the fight to let transgender service members serve. This Note illuminates that the U.S. military itself will ultimately be the changing force for discrimination within its own battlefield. Currently, if a U.S. military new recruit or current service member can meet physical, mental, readiness, cohesion, and the number of other U.S. military service specific policy standards, then the individual is allowed to serve. Whether or not someone identifies as transgender cannot be a U.S. military specific policy standard that nee.
The Palgrave International Handbook of Gender and the Military provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple ways in which gender and militaries connect. International and multi-disciplinary in scope, this edited volume provides authoritative accounts of the many intersections through which militaries issues and military forces are shaped by gender. The chapters provide detailed accounts of key issues, informed by examples from original research in a wealth of different national contexts. This Handbook includes coverage of conceptual approaches to the study of gender and militaries, gender and the organisation of state military forces, gender as it pertains to military forces in action, transitions and transgressions within militaries, gender and non-state military forces, and gender in representations of military personnel and practices. With contributions from a range of both established and early career scholars, The Palgrave International Handbook of Gender and the Military is an essential guide to current debates on gender and contemporary military issues.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 437 pages File Size : 29,92 MB Release : 2021-01-23 Category : Social Science ISBN : 0309680816
The increase in prevalence and visibility of sexually gender diverse (SGD) populations illuminates the need for greater understanding of the ways in which current laws, systems, and programs affect their well-being. Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, transgender, non-binary, queer, or intersex, as well as those who express same-sex or -gender attractions or behaviors, will have experiences across their life course that differ from those of cisgender and heterosexual individuals. Characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, and geographic location intersect to play a distinct role in the challenges and opportunities SGD people face. Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations reviews the available evidence and identifies future research needs related to the well-being of SDG populations across the life course. This report focuses on eight domains of well-being; the effects of various laws and the legal system on SGD populations; the effects of various public policies and structural stigma; community and civic engagement; families and social relationships; education, including school climate and level of attainment; economic experiences (e.g., employment, compensation, and housing); physical and mental health; and health care access and gender-affirming interventions. The recommendations of Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations aim to identify opportunities to advance understanding of how individuals experience sexuality and gender and how sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status affect SGD people over the life course.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 385 pages File Size : 28,98 MB Release : 2019-10-25 Category : Social Science ISBN : 0309489539
The U.S. military has been continuously engaged in foreign conflicts for over two decades. The strains that these deployments, the associated increases in operational tempo, and the general challenges of military life affect not only service members but also the people who depend on them and who support them as they support the nation â€" their families. Family members provide support to service members while they serve or when they have difficulties; family problems can interfere with the ability of service members to deploy or remain in theater; and family members are central influences on whether members continue to serve. In addition, rising family diversity and complexity will likely increase the difficulty of creating military policies, programs and practices that adequately support families in the performance of military duties. Strengthening the Military Family Readiness System for a Changing American Society examines the challenges and opportunities facing military families and what is known about effective strategies for supporting and protecting military children and families, as well as lessons to be learned from these experiences. This report offers recommendations regarding what is needed to strengthen the support system for military families.
This book examines the transgender community’s struggle for equality over the last decade, comparing the Obama and Trump administrations’ stance on transgender rights policies. Transgender rights claims have assumed an important place on the nation’s policymaking agenda as society has increasingly become aware that transgender individuals are subject to discrimination because they do not conform to the norms of the gender identity they were assigned at birth. With Congress virtually absent from the policymaking process, the executive branch and the federal courts have been chiefly responsible for determining the parameters of transgender rights policies. The study contrasts the Obama administration’s efforts to expand equal rights for the transgender community, especially in employment, education, and military service, with the Trump administration’s determination to rescind the Obama-era initiatives. In their efforts to do so, Trump administration officials have urged the courts to reverse decisions extending the benefit of civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees to the transgender community, arguing that gender identity is outside the scope of these protections. Although most federal courts have been inclined to accept the Obama administration’s perspective on transgender rights, ultimately, this will be a matter for the U.S. Supreme Court to decide. The book is appropriate for students, scholars, and interested general readers.
Three volumes organized by the three phases of life—youth, middle age, and old age—explore the LGBTQ+ experience, delving deeply into research on a multitude of hot topics including risks experienced by this sometimes targeted population. In June of 2015, the United State Supreme Court issued an opinion that directly impacted the lives of many LGBT Americans: in Obergefell v. Hodges, the court required all states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. While many activists consider this a major achievement, LGBT individuals still face a number of pressing issues. In Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk, editor Chuck Stewart and a carefully selected group of contributors unravel these far-reaching concerns. The book is a cutting-edge resource for academics, activists, scholars, students, and lay people who are interested in examining LGBT social and political movements as well as the public policy progress and setbacks of recent years. Three volumes of essays by experts in a variety of fields delve deeply into primary sources to tackle important topics such as transgender adolescents, alcohol and drug abuse, and the massacre at Pulse gay nightclub, along with dozens of others. Organized by life stages, this comprehensive work sheds light on concerns and controversies affecting youth, adults, and seniors connected to the LGBT community