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Channels of nanotubular dimensions exist in a variety of materials (examples are carbon nanotubes and the nanotubular channels of zeolites and zeotypes) and show promise for numerous applications due to their unique properties. One of their most important properties is their capacity to adsorb molecules and these may exist in a variety of phases. "Adsorption and Phase Behaviour in Nanochannels and Nanotubes" provides an excellent review of recent and current work on adsorption on nanometerials. It is an impressive collection of papers dealing with the adsorption and phase behaviour in nanoporous materials from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. "Adsorption and Phase Behaviour in Nanochannels and Nanotubes" focuses on carbon nanotubes as well as zeolites and related materials.
This book addresses the control of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. It presents thermodynamic calculations of the formation of impurities and defects in the interaction of nanotubes with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and boron, based on theoretical models of the formation of defects in carbon nanotubes. It is shown that doping and adsorption lead to changes in the electronic structure of the tubes as well as to the appearance of impurity states in the HOMO-LUMO gap. The book presents examples of specific calculations for doping of carbon nanotubes with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and boron, together with numerous experimental results and a comparison with the author’s thermodynamic calculations. Possible directions of the technological processes of optimization are pointed out, as well as the perspectives of p-n-transition creation with the help of carbon nanotube arrays. The results presented were derived from the physics of the processes and a theoretical model of the technological processes. Though a wealth of empirical information on doping nanotubes has been accumulated in the scientific literature, what is lacking is a theoretical model for their analysis. As such, the book develops a thermodynamic model of the self-organization of structural elements in multicomponent systems – including carbon nanotubes, clusters and precipitates in condensed matter – and subsequently adapts it to the doping of carbon nanotubes. This approach allows readers to gain a far deeper understanding of the processes of doping carbon nanotubes.
This book provides a cross-disciplinary, multi-scale assessment of the development of adsorption-based refrigerants and super-adsorbent-based wastewater purification. The book covers two major aspects from the 21st century, including the development of an environmentally benign adsorption cooling system and the preparation of a super-adsorbent for water purification. Although work has been published on these topics, the authors present the latest findings and introduce some new perspectives. The book is written as a reference book with contributions from global field experts and will appeal to water engineers, chemists, environmentalists, physicists, material scientists, nano-technologists, and environmental technologists.
The deterioration of water quality and unavailability of drinkable water are pressing challenges worldwide. The removal of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants from water is vital for a clean environment, as a response to water scarcity. Adsorption-based water technologies are among the most widely used because of their high efficiency and low cost, without relying on a complex infrastructure. In recent years, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as graphene and derivatives, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanoporous carbon, fullerenes, graphitic carbon nitride, and nanodiamonds have been extensively exploited as adsorbents due to their extraordinary surface properties, ease of modification, large surface area, controlled structural varieties, high chemical stability, porosity, low density, ease of regeneration, and reusability. This book provides a thorough overview of the state of the art in carbon nanomaterials as they are used for adsorption applications in water purifications, as well as addressing their toxicological challenges. This volume primarily explores the fundamentals of adsorption, its mechanical aspects, synthesis and properties of CNMs, and adsorption performances of CNMs and their nanocomposites with organic and inorganic materials. Structural engineering and activation processes produce materials with enhanced adsorptive properties and separation efficiencies. Furthermore, the formation of CNMs with 2D and 3D macro-and microstructures and high porosities is a potential approach to improve adsorption performances and extend CNM use at the industrial level. The book also addresses important issues regarding these adsorbents that potentially affect future research and industrial applications of carbon-based nanoadsorbents in water security. Presents advances in multifunctional 3D superstructures of carbon nanomaterials and their composites for adsorption applications Outlines the fundamentals on synthesis and characterization techniques of carbon-based nanostructures and their composites Assesses the major toxicological challenges in using nanostructured materials as adsorbents for water purification
This book describes various aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology and includes a historical prospective, nanotechnology working in nature, man -made nanomaterial and impact of nanotechnology illustrated with examples. It goes on to describes general synthetic approaches and strategies and also deals with the characterization of nanomaterial using modern tools and techniques to give basic understanding to those interested in learning this emerging area. It then deals with different kinds of nanomaterial such as inorganics, carbon based-, nanocomposites and self-assembled/supramolecular nano structures in terms of their varieties, synthesis, properties etc. In addition, it contains chapters devoted to unique properties with mathematical treatment wherever applicable and the novel applications dealing with information technology, pollution control (environment, water), energy, nanomedicine, healthcare, consumer goods etc.
The Concise Encyclopedia of Biomedical Polymers and Polymeric Biomaterials presents new and selected content from the 11-volume Biomedical Polymers and Polymeric Biomaterials Encyclopedia. The carefully culled content includes groundbreaking work from the earlier published work as well as exclusive online material added since its publication in print. A diverse and global team of renowned scientists provide cutting edge information concerning polymers and polymeric biomaterials. Acknowledging the evolving nature of the field, the encyclopedia also features newly added content in areas such as tissue engineering, tissue repair and reconstruction, and biomimetic materials.
Inorganic nanomaterials are an extremely broad and versatile class of materials and their enhanced chemical, thermal and mechanical stability with respect to their organic counterparts make them appealing candidates for a wide range of technological applications. Recent research has explored novel synthesis routes relying on non-standard conditions and in many cases, these unconventional routes are inherently sustainable. This book will provide a much needed overview of the fast-developing areas of green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, metal oxides and metal sulphides. These have a broad range of applications, including in catalysis, electronics, optics and nanomedicine. It will also show how it is possible to combine environmental and economical sustainability and will provide readers with a state-of-the-art and updated overview of lesser-known and emerging synthesis routes for inorganic nanomaterials. Suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and other researchers, it provides a convenient introduction to the topic.
This book provides a broad and complete introductions to the molecular structure, novel and anomalous properties, nonlinear excitations, soliton motions, magnetization, and biological effects of water. These subjects are described by both experimental results and theoretical analyses. These contents are very interesting and helpful to elucidate and explain the problem of what is on earth water. This book contains the research results of the author and plenty of scientists in recent decades. Water: Molecular Structure and Properties is self-contained and unified in presentation. It may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in Physics and Biology. It is also suitable for the researchers and engineers in Physics, Biology and water science.
The contributed volume puts emphasis on a superior role of water in (bio)systems exposed to a mechanical stimulus. It is well known that water plays an extraordinary role in our life. It feeds mammalian or other organism after distributing over its whole volume to support certain physiological and locomotive (friction-adhesion) processes to mention but two of them, both of extreme relevance. Water content, not only in the mammalian organism but also in other biosystems such as whether those of soil which is equipped with microbiome or the ones pertinent to plants, having their own natural network of water vessels, is always subjected to a force field.The decisive force field applied to the biosystems makes them biomechanically agitated irrespective of whether they are subjected to external or internal force-field conditions. It ought to be noted that the decisive mechanical factor shows up in a close relation with the space-and-time scale in which it is causing certain specific phenomena to occur.The scale problem, emphasizing the range of action of gravitational force, thus the millimeter or bigger force vs. distance scale, is supposed to enter the so-called macroscale approach to water transportation through soil or plants’ roots system. It is merely related to a percolation problem, which assumes to properly inspect the random network architecture assigned to the biosystems invoked. The capillarity conditions turn out to be of prior importance, and the porous-medium effect has to be treated, and solved in a fairly approximate way.The deeper the scale is penetrated by a force-exerting and hydrated agent the more non-gravitational force fields manifest. This can be envisaged in terms of the corresponding thermodynamic (non-Newtonian) forces, and the phenomena of interest are mostly attributed to suitable changes of the osmotic pressure. In low Reynolds number conditions, thus in the (sub)micrometer distance-scale zone, they are related with the corresponding viscosity changes of the aqueous, e.g. cytoplasmatic solutions, of semi-diluted and concentrated (but also electrolytic) characteristics. For example, they can be observed in articulating systems of mammals, in their skin, and to some extent, in other living beings, such as lizards, geckos or even insects. Through their articulating devices an external mechanical stimulus is transmitted from macro- to nanoscale, wherein the corresponding osmotic-pressure conditions apply. The content of the proposed work can be distributed twofold. First, the biomechanical mammalian-type (or, similar) systems with extraordinary relevance of water for their functioning will be presented, also including a presentation of water itself as a key physicochemical system/medium. Second, the suitably chosen related systems, mainly of soil and plant addressing provenience, will be examined thoroughly. As a common denominator of all of them, it is proposed to look at their hydrophobic and/or (de)hydration effects, and how do they impact on their basic mechanical (and related, such as chemo-mechanical or piezoelectric, etc.) properties. An additional tacit assumption employed throughout the monograph concerns statistical scalability of the presented biosystems which is equivalent to take for granted a certain similarity between local and global system’s properties, mostly those of mechanical nature. The presented work’s chapters also focus on biodiversity and ecological aspects in the world of animals and plants, and the related systems. The chapters’ contents underscore the bioinspiration as the key landmark of the proposed monograph.
Rare gas adsorption was studied on suspended individual single walled carbon nanotubes and graphene. The devices were fabricated as field effect transistors. Adsorption on graphene was studied through two-terminal conductance. On nanotube devices adsorption was studied through conductance while the coverage (density) of the adsorbates was determined from the mechanical resonance frequency shifts. The adsorbed atoms modified the conductance of the nanotube field effect transistors, in part through charge transfer from the adsorbates to the nanotube. By tracking the shifts of conductance as a function of gate voltage, G=G(Vg), and comparing these shifts with the periodicity of the Coulomb blockade oscillations we quantified the charge transfer to the nanotubes with high accuracy. For all studied gases (He, Ar, Kr, Xe, N2, CO, and O2) the charge transfer had a similar magnitude and was rather small, on the order of 10^-5 to 10^-3 electrons per adsorbed atom. The nanotube devices displayed two classes of adsorption behavior. On some devices the monolayers exhibited first-order phase transitions analogous to those that occur in adsorbed monolayers on graphite. On other devices phase transitions within the adsorbed monolayers were absent. We present evidence that a highly uniform layer of contaminants deposits on the surface of suspended nanotube devices either upon cooldown in the cryostat or at room temperature from air. These contaminants modify the adsorption behavior preventing the adsorbed monolayers from exhibiting the first order phase transitions expected to occur on a clean surface. A similar type of contamination leading to virtually identical effects occurs on suspended graphene. In the low coverage regions of isotherms on nanotubes we observe Henry's law behavior, demonstrating a high uniformity of the surface and allowing us to accurately determine the single particle binding energy to this surface. The determined binding energies were 776+-10 K for Ar, and 997+-37 K for Kr. In the second part of the dissertation we present the first measurements of adsorption on a pristine graphene surface, exposed through aggressive electric current annealing. On graphene the rare gas adsorbates form monolayers with phases analogous to those on graphite, but with phase transitions occurring at slightly higher pressures due to a reduction of binding energy. The condensations of monolayers with phases not commensurate with the graphene lattice resulted in a slight shift of the charge neutrality point of monolayer graphene corresponding to a change of carrier concentration on the order of 10^9 e/cm^2. Adsorption of N2 and CO, which formed a Root 3 X Root 3 commensurate solid monolayer, produced a dramatic reduction of the two-terminal conductance of graphene by as much as a factor of three. This effect is possibly connected with the opening of a band gap expected to occur in such structures. We observe hysteretic behavior in the adsorbed Root 3 X Root 3 commensurate monolayers on freestanding graphene, which is likely due to the interaction of two adsorbed monolayers on opposite surfaces of the graphene sheet.