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A comprehensive reference handbook on the important aspects of trace elements in the land environment. Each chapter addresses a particular element and gives a general introduction to their role in the environment, where they come from, and their biogeochemical cycles. In addition to a complete updating of each of the element chapters, this new edition has new chapters devoted to aluminum and iron, soil contamination, remediation and trace elements in aquatic ecosystems. In short, an essential resource for environmental scientists and chemists, regulators and policy makers.
I intend to fill, with this book, a need that has long been felt by students and professionals in many areas of agricultural, biological, natural, and environmental sciences-the need for a comprehensive reference book on many important aspects of trace elements in the "land" environment. This book is different from other books on trace elements (also commonly referred to as heavy metals) in that each chapter focuses on a particular element, which in tum is discussed in terms of its importance in our economy, its natural occurrence, its fate and behavior in the soil-plant system, its requirement by and detriment to plants, its health limits in drinking water and food, and its origin in the environment. Because of long distance transport to pristine areas of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc in relatively large quantities, these elements have an extra section on natural ecosystems. A blend of pictorial and tabular data are provided to enhance understanding of the relevant information being conveyed. Since individual chapters are independent of one another, they are arranged alphabetically. However, readers with weak backgrounds in soil science are advised to start with the chapter on zinc, since soil terminology is discussed in more detail here. Sections on sorption, forms and speciation, complexation, and transformations become more technical as soil physical-(bio )chemical phenomena are discussed. The less important "environmental" trace elements are discussed together in the "Other Trace Elements" chapter.
This book helps readers understand the fundamental principles and phenomena that control the transfer of trace elements. It describes the occurrence and behavior of trace elements in rocks, soil, water, air, and plants, and also discusses the anthropogenic impact to the environment. In addition, the book covers the presence of trace elements in feeds, as either contaminants or as nutritional or zootechnical additives, and their transfer across the food chain to humans. All trace elements are covered-from aluminum to zirconium-as well as rare-earth elements (actinides and lanthanides).
With its unique collection of case studies, this book provides detailed coverage of metal biomonitoring and bioremediation in terrestrial ecosystems using higher plants, lichens, mosses and fungi. Emphasis is placed on application rather than theory. It gives an exhaustive account of the most reliable procedures for sampling, sample preparation, analytical determinations and interpretation of data. Using an ecophysiological approach, metal uptake by plants and metal transfer along terrestrial food chains are examined.
The population explosion that began in the 1960s has been accompanied by a decrease in the quality of the natural environment, e.g. pollution of the air, water and soil with essential and toxic trace elements. Numerous poisonings of people and animals with highly toxic anthropogenic Hg and Cd in the 20th century prompted the creation of the abiotic environment, mainly in developed countries. However, the system is insufficient for long-term exposure to low concentrations of various substances that are mainly ingested through food and water. This problem could be addressed by the monitoring of sentinels – organisms that accumulate trace elements and as such reflect the rate and degree of environmental pollution. Usually these are long-lived vertebrates – herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous birds and mammals, especially game species. This book describes the responses of the sentinels most commonly used in ecotoxicological studies to 17 trace elements.
Over the past few decades, tremendous progress in analytical facilities allowed for the decreasing detection limits of trace element (TE) analysis in a large number of organic and inorganic matrices. This was especially true for freshwater aquatic systems, where direct measurements of more than forty trace elements have become possible provided that necessary precautions against pollution are made and required sample preparation protocol is maintained. Therefore, analyses of both liquid (water) and solid (biomass, sediments, soils, and aerosol particles) compartments of the landscape continuum allowed for a new perspective on biogeochemical factors of trace elements in a large panel of terrestrial environments. However, among all Earth biomes, the Arctic and subarctic regions are certainly less studied from a trace element biogeochemical view point.This book adresses a variety of geochemical and biogeochemical issues of trace element behavior in soils, waters, and plants across the world, from Eastern Europe to Siberian subarctic and Arctic islands. It presents a synthesis of state-of-the-art studiesusing precise analytical techniqueson trace element concentrations, fractionation, and migration in the main biogeochemical reservoirs of the Northern Hemisphere. This book combines chapters on trace elements in soils, plants, soil waters, lakes, rivers and their estuarine zones, and atmopsheric aerosols. As such, it provides a comprehensive view of current TE biogeochemistry and can serve as a reference compilation of available information for judging future changes in trace element biogeochemistry for terrestrial environments influenced by climate warming or increasing anthropogenic pollution.