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Urban microclimates cannot be explained solely on the basis of scientific phenomena, but are also affected materially and spatially by the city’s local architecture. The layout, design, and facade construction of buildings have a major impact on wind and temperature conditions. For this reason, architecture and urban design that have an effect on microclimates must be investigated in their social and cultural contexts. The publication uses international case studies to explain these relationships. The focus is on manifestations of urban microclimates in an architectural and urban design context. The places investigated are located in France, Italy, the USA, New Zealand, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Burkina Faso.
The quality of life of millions of people living in cities could be improved if the form of the city were to evolve in a manner appropriate to its climatic context. Climatically responsive urban design is vital to any notion of sustainability: it enables individual buildings to make use of renewable energy sources for passive heating and cooling, it enhances pedestrian comfort and activity in outdoor spaces, and it may even encourage city dwellers to moderate their dependence on private vehicles. Urban Microclimate bridges the gap between climatology research and applied urban design. It provides architects and urban design professionals with an understanding of how the structure of the built environment at all scales affects microclimatic conditions in the space between buildings, and analyzes the interaction between microclimate and each of the elements of the urban landscape. In the first two sections of the book, the extensive body of work on this subject by climatologists and geographers is presented in the language of architecture and planning professionals. The third section follows each step in the design process, and in part four a critical analysis of selected case study projects provides a demonstration of the complexity of applied urban design. Practitioners will find in this book a useful guide to consult, as they address these key environmental issues in their own work.
In the past decades, protecting the urban environment in the face of environmentalism and environmental rights has become crucial to saving the planet from the dangers of the rapid urban development of new cities and societies. Air temperature is one of the factors influenced by climate change and contemporary city morphology that lacks compact city features. Contemporary cities have taken on global paradigms, adopting open-fabric, multiple, and ultrahigh residential towers and superhuman-scale spaces at the level of squares and public parks. This type of planning results in a radical thermal transformation not only in the movement and transportation network, but also in all public spaces and their external spaces. It is essential to understand the dimensions and principles of urban planning and design in conjunction with the competence of environmental design to reduce the impact of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Remapping Urban Heat Island Atlases in Regenerative Cities focuses on public health and wellbeing, decent work and economic growth, sustainable cities and societies, and climate action. It presents atlases of UHI-based digital techniques and methods of modelling as well as the use of these atlases, mapping, and models in exploring the placemaking problems in the new cities. Covering topics such as artificial intelligence, pedestrian density mapping, and urban heat island mitigation, this premier reference source is a critical resource for architects, city planners, urban planners, city officials, government officials, policymakers, non-profit organizations, politicians, engineers, libraries, students and educators of higher education, researchers, and academicians.
The publication rethinks climate control – a key concern of the discipline of architecture – through the lens of city climate phenomena over the course of the 20th century. Based on a history of climate control on urban scales, it promotes the integration of indoors and outdoors in order to reduce environmental and thermal loads in cities. Just as heating and cooling practices inside the buildings are affecting the (urban) climate outdoors, urban heat islands are influencing the energy requirements and thermal conditions inside the buildings. While the first part of the book focuses on the interwar period in Europe, the publication’s second part considers examples from all over the globe, tracing the growing significance of ecological thinking for the design of urban environments.
Informality through Sustainability explores the phenomenon of informality within urban settlements and aims to unravel the subtle links between informal settlements and sustainability. Penetrating its global profile and considering urban informality through an understanding of local implications, the authors collectively reveal specific correlations between sites and their local inhabitants. The book opposes simplistic calls to legalise informal settlements or to view them as ‘problems’ to be solved. It comes at a time when common notions of ‘informality’ are being increasingly challenged. In 25 chapters, the book presents contributions from well-known scholars and practitioners whose theoretical or practical work addresses informality and sustainability at various levels, from city planning and urban design to public space and architectural education. Whilst previous studies on informal settlements have mainly focused on cases in developing countries, approaching the topic through social, cultural and material dimensions, the book explores the concept across a range of contexts, including former Communist countries and those in the so-called Global North. Contributions also explore understandings of informality at various scalar levels – region, precinct, neighbourhood and individual building. Thus, this work helps reposition informality as a relational concept at various scales of urbanisation. This book will be of great benefit to planners, architects, researchers and policymakers interested in the interplay between informality and sustainability.
While 20th century architecture learned to control the climate of a building, the architecture of the 21st century needs to learn to cope with the climate of cities. Problems such as urban heat and air pollution need to be included in planning and design. Based on empirical realities in Cairo, Chongqing, Geneva and Santiago de Chile, the book underlines that the materiality and social practices attached to room heating, compound greening, street alignment or climate policies together form the tissue for contemporary urban climates. It interweaves socio-cultural with meteorological data and pioneers the new concept of "thermal governance" by linking architectural and technological as well as legal and economic dimensions of climate control in urban environments.
This book discusses urban microclimate and heat-related risks in urban areas, brought on by the combination of global climate change effects and local modification of climate determined by extensive urbanization such as the ‘Urban heat island’ phenomenon. This matter is relevant to almost all urbanized areas in the world, where the increase of urban population and air temperature is expected to endanger both the overall health of the population and the energy supply for the functioning of urban systems. The book details the inter-relationship between urban morphology, microclimate and building energy performance and presents a multidisciplinary approach that brings together Urban Climatology, Engineering and Architectural knowledge to support the development of reliable models and tools for research and practice. This book is a useful tool for architects and building energy modelers, urban planners and geographers who need a practical guide to realize basic urban microclimate simulation for use in both academic research and planning practice.
In an age of rife consumption and increasing need for consideration of sustainable social practices, an exploration of the aesthetics of weather from various angles becomes vital in shedding light on its importance to our experience of the changing world. In response, offering the first in-depth and nuanced examination of the aesthetics of weather, this book underlines the relevance the concept has for scientific communication, for fostering sustainable patterns of behaviour and for rejecting the environmentally-damaging “consumption” of landscapes and fine weather. In addition, it provides examples taken from global, contemporary popular culture whilst calling attention to the socioeconomic and political dimensions of individual experience, demonstrating and analysing our fascination with, and cultural interpretations of, weather phenomena in our everyday lives. Within its three sections, the volume reinvents traditional phenomenological methods to create socially, politically and historically embedded 'phenomenographies' and explore the importance of aesthetic practices in shaping our experience of weather and climate. It also provides a deeper engagement with general topics, such as the relationship between perception, emotion, imagination, and cognition in our aesthetic experience of the weather, combining these with aesthetic analyses of the so-called “fine weather”. With its broad scope of inquiry ranging from Aristotle to eco-phenomenology, from the pioneers of scientific meteorology to contemporary art, and from everyday aesthetics to geoengineering, this book argues that an aesthetics of weather inflected by greater knowledge and the taking of a critical stance towards aestheticism can become a valuable ally to climate ethics in the Anthropocene.
This conference proceeding LNCS 12203 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design, CCD 2020, held as part of HCI International 2020 in Copenhagen, Denmark in July 2020. The conference was held virtually due to the corona pandemic. The total of 1439 papers and 238 posters included in the 40 HCII 2020 proceedings volumes was carefully reviewed and selected from 6326 submissions. The regular papers of DAPI 2020, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, presented in this volume were organized in topical sections named: Design Approaches, Methods and Tools, Smart Cities and Landscapes, Well-being, Learning and Culture in Intelligent Environments and much more.
Improvements in building energy use, air quality in urban canyons and in general urban microclimates requires understanding of the complex interaction between urban morphology, materials, and climate as well as their interaction with the flow dynamics in urban canyons. The review of the literature indicates that despite a long history of valuable urban microclimate studies, more comprehensive approaches of investigating energy, heat and flow in urban areas are needed. In this research an indoor-outdoor dynamically coupled urban model, the Temperature of Urban Facets Indoor-Outdoor Building Energy Simulator (TUF-IOBES), has been developed and carefully validated. It is a building-to-canopy model that simulates indoor and outdoor building surface temperatures and heat fluxes in an urban area to estimate cooling/heating loads and energy use in buildings. The effects of a large number of parameters such as different ground surface albedo, building condition, window size and type, seasonal climate, and canopy aspect ratio on building thermal loads were investigated. The results presented in this dissertation highlight the fact that the interaction of urban materials (e.g. reflective pavements) with surrounding buildings must be considered in the energy analysis of urban areas. Although reflective pavements have been proposed as a mitigation measure for urban heat island since they reduce urban air temperatures, the increased solar reflectivity which transports solar radiation into (through fenestrations) and onto adjacent buildings increases building energy use. To investigate a more comprehensive and realistic simulation of the diurnally varying street canyon flow and associated heat transport, TUF-IOBES three-dimensional surface heat flux distribution were used as thermal boundary conditions in large-eddy simulation (LES). Compared to previous analyses which used uniformly distributed thermal forcing on urban surfaces, the present analysis shows that non-uniform thermal forcing can result in complex local air flow patterns. Strong horizontal pressure gradients were detected in streamwise and spanwise canyons throughout the daytime which motivate larger turbulent velocity fluctuations in the horizontal directions rather than in the vertical direction. This dissertation demonstrates that only local simulations for specific neighborhoods and urban climates can elucidate specific effects of urban mitigation measures; with often surprising outcomes