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The Atacama Desert stretches for 1600 kilometres between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains, in northern Chile. Extreme aridity is the result of a combination of factors. On the coastal flank, the coastal mountain range and in the east the plateau created by the Andes Mountain range, prevent the arrival of water-bearing clouds making it one of the driest deserts in the world. Its many unique features such as salt flats, geysers, desert lagoons, amazing lunar landscapes with the Andes Mountains as a backdrop makes the Atacama Desert an incredible place for any artist. Jorge Lulic was born in Chile and raised in the Atacama Desert. He spent most of his childhood among the nitrate mining towns in the middle of the desert where his family lived. In this book, using a combination of digital and traditional watercolour techniques, Jorge Lulic has selected a series of paintings depicting some of his favourites Atacama Desert spots. El desierto de Atacama se extiende por 1600 kilómetros entre el Océano Pacífico y la Cordillera de los Andes, en el norte de Chile. La aridez extrema es el resultado de una combinación de factores. En el flanco costero, la cordillera costera y en el este la meseta creada por la Cordillera de los Andes, impiden la llegada de nubes portadoras de agua convirtiéndolo en uno de los desiertos más secos del mundo. Sus múltiples características únicas, como salares, géiseres, lagunas desérticas, asombrosos paisajes lunares con la Cordillera de los Andes como telón de fondo, hacen del Desierto de Atacama un lugar increíble para cualquier artista. Jorge Lulic nació en Chile y se crió en el desierto de Atacama. Pasó la mayor parte de su infancia entre los pueblos mineros de salitre en medio del desierto donde vivía con su familia. En este libro, utilizando una combinación de técnicas de acuarela tradicionales y digitales Jorge Lulic ha seleccionado una serie de pinturas que representan algunos de sus lugares favoritos del desierto de Atacama.
This beautifully presented book captures the spirit of a little known war where the Royal Navy played a peripheral but crucial role. The power of the British Empire was at its height, thanks to the reach of the Royal Navy and officers from that service who often found themselves far from home and in positions of power way beyond their rank.
The driest section of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile has experienced nearly lifeless conditions for much of the past several million years. The extreme aridity of the region has drawn the attention of scientists since Charles Darwin visited the area in 1835. The unique conditions that have prevailed through this long time span have created a landscape that is dissimilar to all other areas on earth. However, what makes the Atacama particularly interesting is not just the low quantity of water, but the infrequency and irregularity of rainfall. This dissertation examines the impact of water on the desert landscapes at different space and time scales. Chapter 1 presents the results of a stratigraphic and chronological study on the desert lowlands. These areas are currently covered by halite-encrusted salt pans (Salars) that have been thought to be fossil remnants of lakes that existed at the Plio-Pleistocene transition. However, in this study I show that these are much younger features from the late Quaternary. Numerous stratigraphic sections were observed and sampled in two subbasins located in the Central Depression of the Atacama Desert. The fossils and sedimentology of the stratigraphic sections show that these environments supported a diverse hygrophyte vegetation, as well as an array of diatoms, ostracods and gastropods that indicate the presence of shallow lakes and wetlands periodically between ~46.9 ka and 7.7 ka. The formation of wetlands and lakes occurred due to an increase in groundwater 2 levels as a result of increased Andean runoff during regional wetter intervals, particularly the Central Andean Pluvial Event (CAPE) that occurred between 17.5-14.2 ka and 13.8-9.7 ka. Chapter 2 examines the hydrological effect of a record historical rainfall that occurred on March 24-26 2015. From scattered weather station data, the storm was among, and in some cases the largest, recorded in the desert. The effect of this unusual storm was analyzed by observations made a few months after the event in a N to S transect through the plant-free expanse of the Atacama Desert, between 22 and 26° S. The main objective of the field work was to characterize landscape changes following the storm. The findings show that the storm initiated some minor fluvial responses on the upland landscapes, but overall those were not sufficient to reactivate many hydrological features that are prominent on the landscape, and that must therefore be driven by larger, even less frequent storms. The field evidence suggests that larger rainfalls (or periods of rainfall) have occurred throughout the Quaternary, and that there are fossilized (or infrequently active) features in various stages of “repair” that provide evidence of rainfall re-occurrence. Radiocarbon dating of carbonate bearing soils at the southern periphery of the desert reveals that more rainfall, and more biotic conditions, existed in the region up to the end of the Pleistocene. Additionally, the soils in the lifeless portion of the Atacama Desert have unique hydraulic properties. In most arid regions, a rainfall of this magnitude and intensity would cause flash flooding, but the Atacama’s salt-rich soils have very high infiltration rates, and the landscape is thus more resilient to intensive rainfall events than most desert landscapes. However, based on the fossilized geomorphic and hydrological features on the landscape, there is a rainfall threshold, whose magnitude remains uncertain, above which this landscape undergoes alteration and fluvial reshaping. In Chapter 3, the observations and laboratory analyses of a study of a rare calcium chloride rich soil in the Salar de Llamara are presented. The uniqueness of this project resides in the fact that calcium chloride enrichments are extremely rare on the earth surface, and that the hygroscopic properties of this salt allow the soil to remain wet (8-16 % gravimetric water content) nearly continuously under modern – and essentially rainless - climatic conditions. The substrate for the accumulation are small aeolian dunes, of fine sand and silt, that contain 60% of soluble salts by weight, of which ~15% is CaCl2. Based on an analysis of the regional geomorphology and 3 hydrogeology, it is suggested that the source of the salt is from terminal recharge through fractures associated with the local fault system. Due to climate change, these deposits and the salts began occurring ~14 ka ago. These deliquescent salts, in a rainless region, are unique habitats for life within the climatic limits of life on Earth, and are potential analogs for transient darkened linear features on Mars.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences Publisher : Page : 752 pages File Size : 27,46 MB Release : 1972 Category : Outer space ISBN :
In straightforward text complemented by step-by-step illustrations, dozens of exercises lead the hand and mind through creating accurate reproductions of plants and animals as well as landscapes, skies, and more. Laws provides clear, practical advice for every step of the process for artists at every level, from the basics of choosing supplies to advanced techniques.