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The Indian tax system has become comprehensive and complicated since Independence in 1947. Besides being the main source of revenue, both for the Central and State Governments, it is an effective instrument to realise various socio-economic objectives of national policies. This book traces the structural evolution, explains the legal framework, and describes the present system of taxation in India. It focuses on individual taxes levied by the Central and State Governments. The book provides an exhaustive and critical account of various aspects of the Indian tax system. The overall approach to the subject is descriptive, analytical, and at places normative.
This paper assesses the effects of India's tax system on growth, through the level and productivity of private investment. Comparison of India's indicators of effective tax rates and tax revenue productivity with other countries shows that the Indian tax system is characterized by: (1) a high dependence on indirect taxes, (2) low average effective tax rates and tax productivity, and (3) high marginal effective tax rates and large tax-induced distortions on investment and financing decisions. The paper finds that the most recently proposed package of reforms would improve tax productivity and lower the marginal tax burden and tax-induced distortions. But firms that rely on internal sources of funds or face problems borrowing would continue to face high marginal tax rates
This book describes and analyses the tax system and the tax structure developments in India since Independence in 1947 focusing on post-1991 reforms. It places current developments in the field of taxation in perspective. The book is divided into seven parts dealing with the following subjects: pre-Independence tax system, post-Independence tax policy, central and state tax revenue, structure of central taxes, structure of state taxes, federal aspects of Indian taxation, and international aspects of Indian taxation. Part VIII consists of time series tax statistics of India 1950-51 to 2013-14/2015-16.
This paper assesses the effects of India's tax system on growth, through the level and productivity of private investment. Comparison of India's indicators of effective tax rates and tax revenue productivity with other countries shows that the Indian tax system is characterized by: (1) a high dependence on indirect taxes, (2) low average effective tax rates and tax productivity, and (3) high marginal effective tax rates and large tax-induced distortions on investment and financing decisions. The paper finds that the most recently proposed package of reforms would improve tax productivity and lower the marginal tax burden and tax-induced distortions. But firms that rely on internal sources of funds or face problems borrowing would continue to face high marginal tax rates.
The existing tax system in India yields a low tax-GDP ratio as a major proportion of the population is dependent on agriculture which is practically untaxed. Similarly the service sector, which has the largest contribution in GDP, is also not fully taxed. Due to the structural reforms that were initiated in the nineties, the growth in revenue from indirect taxes has come down while the revenue from direct taxes has showed an accelerated growth. This study on the tax system in India evaluates the existing taxes that are being levied by both the Centre and the State Governments. It analyses tax structure in terms of rates, base, slabs, and exemptions, and its administration and operations to provide estimates of revenue's growth rate and buoyancy and tax effort. The authors not only provide detailed data on the existing structure and administration but also discuss the second generation reforms to address the issues that have emerged since the earlier reforms in 1991. More particularly they discuss the significant and important Direct Tax Code (DTC) and Goods and Services Tax (GST) that the Indian government is likely to introduce soon. They stress that these tax reforms will help India make further progress towards an open economy as well as ensure that Indian traders and manufacturers become more competitive and efficient in the international market.
India has a comprehensive taxation system that encompasses various taxes at both the central and state levels. Here's an overview: Central Taxes: Income Tax: Governed by the Income Tax Act, 1961, income tax is levied on the income of individuals, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), companies, and other entities. The tax rates vary based on the income slab and the type of taxpayer. Goods and Services Tax (GST): GST is a comprehensive indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services throughout India. It replaced various indirect taxes such as service tax, VAT, central excise duty, etc., and is governed by the GST Act. Customs Duty: Customs duty is levied on the import and export of goods into and out of India. It is governed by the Customs Act, 1962. Excise Duty: Excise duty is a tax levied on the production or manufacture of goods in India. However, with the introduction of GST, most goods are now subject to GST rather than excise duty. Central Sales Tax: CST is levied on the sale of goods from one state to another in India. However, it has been subsumed under GST. State Taxes: Value Added Tax (VAT): VAT was a state-level tax levied on the sale of goods within a state. It has been replaced by GST. State Goods and Services Tax (SGST): SGST is a component of GST that is levied by the state government on intra-state supplies of goods and services. State Excise Duty: State excise duty is levied by state governments on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages and certain other goods. Stamp Duty: Stamp duty is levied by state governments on various instruments such as property transactions, share transfers, and agreements. Local Taxes: Property Tax: Property tax is levied by local bodies such as municipal corporations or municipalities on the value of property owned by individuals or entities. Professional Tax: Professional tax is levied by state governments on the income earned by individuals engaged in professions such as lawyers, doctors, etc. Other Taxes: Capital Gains Tax: Capital gains tax is levied on the profit earned from the sale of capital assets such as real estate, stocks, and mutual funds. Securities Transaction Tax (STT): STT is levied on the purchase and sale of securities such as stocks and derivatives. India's taxation system is governed by various tax laws, rules, and regulations, and it undergoes periodic amendments to align with the changing economic and fiscal landscape. It's always recommended to consult with a tax professional or refer to the latest tax regulations for specific details and compliance requirements.
The Present Publication Includes Important Reports And Statistical Data On Tax Reforms Viz: Report Of The Task Force On Direct Taxes, Report Of The Task Force On Direct Taxes, Report Of The Task Force On Indirect Taxes (Also Including The Consultation Papers); Report Of The Advisory Group On Tax Reforms 2001 And The Chelliah Committee Reports, 1992 And 1993. The Document On Indian Public Finance Statistics, June 2002, Is Also Included.
Overview of the Indian tax system focusing on the major tax devices in the terms of three primary objectives of taxation - growth, redistribution and stabilization.