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" TRB's second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-R06A-RR-1: Nondestructive Testing to Identify Concrete Bridge Deck Deterioration identifies nondestructive testing technologies for detecting and characterizing common forms of deterioration in concrete bridge decks.The report also documents the validation of promising technologies, and grades and ranks the technologies based on results of the validations.The main product of this project will be an electronic repository for practitioners, known as the NDToolbox, which will provide information regarding recommended technologies for the detection of a particular deterioration. " -- publisher's description.
The deck is among the most expensive components of a bridge over its lifetime because of the frequent and costly maintenance and rehabilitation required. Currently, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) performs visual inspections of a bridge deck as the principal means of determining its condition, which enables the inspector to definitively document the surface condition while the unseen condition below the deck surface is left to the inspector's expert judgement. To compensate for this lack of data, INDOT supplements visual inspections with programmatic scheduling for major work actions, which is very effective for INDOT but costly. In this continuing era of funding shortfalls, INDOT commissioned this study to investigate nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to fill their data gap to inform its work action decision. The NDT methods have been shown to accurately locate corrosion and delamination and are a cost-effective alternative. A project level comparison between the NDT methods was performed to show which method, as well as which combination of methods, were the best choices from a cost perspective. A project level analysis of 30 bridge decks was performed, and those costs were compared to the costs of the current INDOT programmatic schedules. Finally, the analysis was expanded to the network level, which included the entire bridge inventory in Indiana. The results of this study indicate that implementing the NDT methods is cost-effective for INDOT at both the project and network levels.
Concrete bridge deck overlays have been used in the United States since 1960 to extend the service life of deteriorated concrete bridge decks and improve reliability. Concrete bridge decks with overlays suffer various types of deterioration, so it is necessary to identify and assess the effectiveness of different nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies in the laboratory under controlled conditions and in the field under actual conditions. This report provides an overview of seven types of widely used overlays: asphalt with a liquid membrane, asphalt with a fabric membrane, asphalt without a membrane, silica fume-modified concrete, latex-modified concrete (LMC), epoxy polymer concrete, and polyester polymer concrete. This report identifies and ranks available and promising NDE technologies to assess the performance of different types of overlays and concrete bridge decks. This report describes laboratory validation on overlays for nine commonly used NDE technologies. The nine NDE technologies are: sounding, ultrasonic surface waves (USW), impact echo (IE), ultrasonic tomography (UT), impulse response (IR), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity (ER), half-cell potential (HCP), and infrared thermography (IRT). This report details the results of laboratory tests validating the NDE technologies for the seven different types of overlays. Field validation using the RABITTM bridge deck assessment tool and manual testing equipment was also performed. Results from the study on which this report is based indicated that GPR was the most effective method for detecting defects in underlying concrete specimens through both bonded and debonded overlays; however, GPR could not detect overlay debonding. Results also showed that USW, IE, and UT were effective stress-wave-based methods for detecting defects under bonded overlays but not asphalt overlays. Researchers found that asphalt overlays at low temperatures (i.e., 32°F or below) improved the applicability of
Several evaluation techniques were employed to assess concrete bridge deck condition, including visual inspection, hammer sounding and chaining, dielectric measurements, ground-penetrating radar imaging, resistivity testing, half-cell potential testing, and chloride concentration testing. The condition assessment testing confirmed that chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel is the primary mechanism of deck deterioration and that inadequate cover over the upper steel mat facilitated accelerated corrosion damage in many instances. The bridge deck condition analyses produced from the results of non-destructive testing were compared to the visual inspection ratings assigned to each deck by UDOT.
As the nation's infrastructure continues to age, there is a need to effectively and economically monitor and inspect bridges. With the introduction of non-destructive testing technologies such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for condition assessment of bridge decks, states will be better equipped to inspect, assess, and prioritize transportation funding to maintain, preserve, and improve infrastructure. The objective of the research is to improve the condition assessment of bridge decks through the use of GPR which can increase the speed, effectiveness, and accuracy of inspections. The non-destructive evaluation technique provides information that can be used to identify the potential amount of internal deterioration of a concrete bridge deck that cannot be identified with a visual inspection. As in many other states, New Mexico currently uses the chain drag method in which the inspection of the deck condition is solely based on inspector's subjective interpretation of the sound produced by dragging a chain over the bridge deck. The use of GPR has the potential to greatly improve the quality of the inspections by collecting more reliable and less subjective information on the condition of bridge decks. Through the collection and analysis of data acquired from the GPR on a set of reinforced concrete decks, this research seeks to provide a better understanding of GPR technology, data acquisition, and training needs for adoption of GPR in bridge deck inspections in the state of New Mexico. With a better understanding of the technology, GPR can become and indispensable tool for more informed decisions for the allocation of funds for maintenance and improved asset management. This research improves implementation and provides effective economic methods to employ this technology to improve the inspection and maintenance of bridge infrastructure.
This book (in three volumes) comprises the proceedings of the Fifth Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (CTRG2019) focusing on emerging opportunities and challenges in the field of transportation of people and freight. The contents of the book include characterization of conventional and innovative pavement materials, operational effects of road geometry, user impact of multimodal transport projects, spatial analysis of travel patterns, socio-economic impacts of transport projects, analysis of transportation policy and planning for safety and security, technology-enabled models of mobility services, etc. This book will be beneficial to researchers, educators, practitioners and policymakers alike.
"This study investigates two bridge decks in the state of Missouri using both nondestructive and destructive testing methods. The Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) is responsible for the monitoring and maintenance of over 10,000 bridges. Currently monitoring of these bridges includes a comprehensive visual inspection. In this study, ground-coupled ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to estimate deterioration, along with other traditional methods, including visual inspection, and core evaluation. Extracted core samples were carefully examined, and the volume of permeable pore space was determined for each core. After the initial investigation, the two bridges underwent rehabilitation using hydrodemolition as a method to remove loose or deteriorated concrete. Depths and locations of material removal were determined using light detection and ranging (lidar). Data sets were compared to determine the accuracy of GPR to predict deterioration for condition monitoring and rehabilitation planning of bridge decks. As shown by the lidar survey of the material removed during rehabilitation, the GPR top reinforcement reflection amplitude accurately predicted regions of deterioration within the bridge decks. In general, regions with lower reflection amplitudes, indicating more evidence of deterioration, corresponded to regions with greater depths of material removal during the rehabilitation. Also, the GPR top reinforcement reflection amplitude indicated deterioration in areas where visual deterioration was noticed from the top surface of the deck. The majority of cores with delaminations were extracted from sections where the GPR top reinforcement reflection amplitude indicated greater evidence of deterioration based on lower amplitude values."--Abstract, page iii.