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This ambitious and well-researched study brings together for the first time translations of the ancient literature concerning the Sumerian god Enki, one of four gods and goddesses who comprised the highest level of the Sumerian pantheon. The very existence of these writings, which date from the Third Millennium B.C., was unknown until about 100 years ago, when their cuneiform script was deciphered. Since then, it has become apparent that Sumerian literature had a profound and enduring influence on both Biblical and classical Greek literature, and so on the literature of the western world as a whole. Kramer, one of the world's leading sumerologists, has prepared these translations from among the scores of works he has published over the last fifty years; John Maier provides a full interpretive framework that places the translations in their broader comparative cultural context. This rare collection will be of interest to students and scholars in a wide range of disciplines from Near Eastern and Biblical Studies to Mythology and Comparative Literature.
This study analyzes the divine concept of the Sumero-Akkadian deity Enki in its literary and mythological development through different periods of Mesopotamian history. Sumerian myths and theology related to the god Enki are influential throughout the history of the Ancient Near East. Several mythological motives from the Sumerian cultural area later reach the creation stories of the Old Testament and beyond. Through the Biblical narratives the ancient Sumerian mythology of Enki reaches the later Christian world, and therefore this mythology has become a part of the collective memory and culture of the present day world. Seven chapters give a diachronical overview of the relevant source materials (royal inscriptions, hymns, etc.) related to the god Enki and other close divine figures and religious phenomena from the period of about 2500-1700 BC. The last two chapters concentrate on the aspects of comparative mythology and archaic Sumerian religion. The relations of Enki and the Mother Goddess in the Mesopotamian religion and YHWH and Eve in the Old Testament are briefly analyzed. Some aspects about the decline of the cult of the Mother Goddess and several details of the political history of the Ancient Near East reflected in the relevant texts are discussed in the book. It is claimed that there is no direct conflict between the theologies of Nippur and Eridu (Enlil and Enki), at least when analyzing the available source material.
Around 2,300 BC Enheduanna was high priestess to the moon god Nanna at his temple in Ur, a position she held for almost forty years. This volume translates Enheduanna's three devotional poems to the goddess Inanna accompanied by an extensive commentary and discussion which places these highly personal and unique expressions within the context of Sumerian culture and religion. The author highlights the importance of the poems and the princess for our understanding of the place of women in Near Eastern society and religion.
Hittite prayers were at first heavily influenced by Babylonian and Hurrian prototypes, but soon developed their own creative style, highly emotional and rich in metaphors. The twenty-four prayers assembled in the volume cover the entire span of Hittite literary history. Paperback edition is available from the Society of Biblical Literature (www.sbl-site.org).
‘AWARD-WINNING BOOK’ 'Silver Medal - Readers' Favorite International Book Award Contest and 5 Stars Book Reviews 'Literary Titan Gold Book Award and 5 Stars Book Reviews’ ‘Amazon Bestseller - #1 History of the Middle East and #2 Ancient Early Civilization History’ The Anunnaki gods from the planet Nibiru carried out a mission on Earth, and the story was documented in clay tablets or Mesopotamian texts discovered in the ruins of buildings in the Middle East. Scholars have proposed that some Genesis stories had already appeared in Mesopotamian texts thousands of years ago. This proposal motivated us to evaluate the most relevant texts. Although most scholars believe that the Mesopotamian texts are mythology, the research was carried out under the premise that their content corresponds to real events. Analysis of academic translations of the texts revealed that many details critical to understanding the story have not been revealed. An exhaustive analysis of the data determined the most probable dates of the events. The book presents the events related to the arrival of the Anunnaki to Earth and the consequences of their mission chronologically according to findings in Mesopotamian texts and ancient books. Various sources, including apocryphal books, reports from ancient historians, scientific research, and archaeological records, supplemented the research. Many riddles were decoded, including who the Anunnaki and the Igigi (watchers, Nephilim) were. Why, when, and how did H. sapiens originate, how did the other species arise, and why did they become extinct? Why and when did the Anunnaki arrive and finally leave Earth? When will the planet Nibiru return to our area in the inner solar system? The results and findings of this research deserve to be known due to the probability that the stories in the Mesopotamian texts really happened. The book's proposals differ from what we have learned in educational institutions about the origin of humanity and invite critical thinking to reflect on the history of the Anunnaki gods. Enthusiastic readers of the extraterrestrial theme will find innovative proposals.
‘PREMIOS’ ‘Medalla de Plata – Concurso de Libros Favoritos de los Lectores Internacionales y Reseñas de 5 Estrellas’ ‘Premio de Oro al Libro Literario Titan y Reseñas de 5 Estrellas’ ‘Bestseller en Amazon – #1 Historia de Oriente Medio y #2 Historia de Civilizaciones Antiguas’ Los dioses Anunnaki del planeta Nibiru llevaron a cabo una misión en la Tierra, y la historia fue documentada en tabletas de arcilla o textos mesopotámicos descubiertos en las ruinas de edificios en Oriente Medio. Los académicos han propuesto que algunas historias del Génesis ya habían aparecido en textos Mesopotámicos hace miles de años. Esta propuesta nos motivó a evaluar los textos más relevantes. Aunque la mayoría de los académicos creen que los textos mesopotámicos son mitología, la investigación se realizó bajo la premisa de que su contenido corresponde a hechos reales. El análisis de las traducciones académicas de los textos reveló que muchos detalles críticos para comprender la historia no han sido revelados. Un análisis exhaustivo de los datos determinó las fechas más probables de los hechos. El libro presenta los acontecimientos relacionados con la llegada de los Anunnaki a la Tierra y las consecuencias de su misión de manera cronológica según los hallazgos en textos Mesopotámicos y libros antiguos. Diversas fuentes, entre ellas libros apócrifos, informes de historiadores antiguos, investigaciones científicas y registros arqueológicos, complementaron la investigación. Se descifraron muchos enigmas, entre ellos quiénes eran los Anunnaki y los Igigi (vigilantes, Nephilim). ¿Por qué, cuándo y cómo se originó el H. sapiens, cómo surgieron las otras especies y por qué se extinguieron? ¿Por qué y cuándo llegaron los Anunnaki y finalmente abandonaron la Tierra? ¿Cuándo regresará el planeta Nibiru a nuestra zona en el sistema solar interior? Los resultados y hallazgos de esta investigación merecen ser conocidos debido a la probabilidad de que las historias de los textos Mesopotámicos realmente sucedieran. Las propuestas del libro difieren de lo que hemos aprendido en las instituciones educativas sobre el origen de la humanidad e invitan al pensamiento crítico para reflexionar sobre la historia de los dioses Anunnaki. Los lectores entusiastas de la temática extraterrestre encontrarán propuestas innovadoras.
The Sumerians were a non-Semitic, non-Indo-European people who flourished in southern Babylonia from the beginning of the fourth to the end of the third millennium B. C. During this long stretch of time the Sumerians, whose racial and linguistic affiliations are still unclassifiable, represented the dominant cultural group of the entire Near East. This cultural dominance manifested itself in three directions: 1. It was the Sumerians who developed and probably invented the cuneiform system of writing which was adopted by nearly all the peoples of the Near East and without which the cultural progress of western Asia would have been largely impossible. 2. The Sumerians developed religious and spiritual concepts together with a remarkably well integrated pantheon which influenced profoundly all the peoples of the Near East, including the Hebrews and the Greeks. Moreover, by way of Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism, not a few of these spiritual and religious concepts have permeated the modern civilized world. 3. The Sumerians produced a vast and highly developed literature, largely poetic in character, consisting of epics and myths, hymns and lamentations, proverbs and "words of wisdom." These compositions are inscribed in cuneiform script on clay tablets which date largely from approximately 1750 B. C. a In the course of the past hundred years, approximately five b thousand such literary pieces have been excavated in the mounds of ancient Sumer. Of this number, over two thousand, more than two-thirds of our source material, were excavated by the University of Pennsylvania in the mound covering ancient Nippur in the course of four grueling campaigns lasting from 1889 to 1900; these Nippur tablets and fragments represent, therefore, the major source for the reconstruction of the Sumerian compositions. As literary products, these Sumerian compositions rank high among the creations of civilized man. They compare not unfavorably with the ancient Greek and Hebrew masterpieces, and like them mirror the spiritual and intellectual life of an otherwise little known civilization. Their significance for a proper appraisal of the cultural and spiritual development of the Near East can hardly be overestimated. The Assyrians and Babylonians took them over almost in toto. The Hittites translated them into their own language and no doubt imitated them widely. The form and contents of the Hebrew literary creations and to a certain extent even those of the ancient Greeks were profoundly influenced by them. As practically the oldest written literature of any significant amount ever uncovered, it furnishes new, rich, and unexpected source material to the archaeologist and anthropologist, to the ethnologist and student of folklore, to the students of the history of religion and of the history of literature.
This volume centres on one of the most important questions in the study of antiquity – the interaction between Greece and the Ancient Near East, from the Mycenaean to the Hellenistic periods. Focusing on the stories that the peoples of the eastern Mediterranean told about the gods and their relationships with humankind, the individual treatments draw together specialists from both fields, creating for the first time a truly interdisciplinary synthesis. Old cases are re-examined, new examples discussed, and the whole range of scholarly opinions, past and present, are analysed, critiqued, and contextualised. While direct textual comparisons still have something to show us, the methodologies advanced here turn their attention to deeper structures and wider dynamics of interaction and influence that respect the cultural autonomy and integrity of all the ancient participants.
This book is a detailed theological analysis of blindness in the Hebrew Bible. It explores blindness in the context of religion, law codes, theodicy, social justice, and healing. McAllister first considers the wider context of ancient Near Eastern cultures before analyzing various words for blindness found in the Hebrew Bible. The focus then shifts to examining blindness in various blocks of material, in the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings, before synthesizing the findings. This book is excellent for scholars and students interested in better understanding disability in the context of the Bible and the ancient Near East.
Storytelling is an ancient practice known in all civilizations throughout history. Characters, tales, techniques, oral traditions, motifs, and tale types transcend individual cultures - elements and names change, but the stories are remarkably similar with each rendition, highlighting the values and concerns of the host culture. Examining the stories and the oral traditions associated with different cultures offers a unique view of practices and traditions."Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore" brings past and present cultures of the world to life through their stories, oral traditions, and performance styles. It combines folklore and mythology, traditional arts, history, literature, and festivals to present an overview of world cultures through their liveliest and most fascinating mode of expression. This appealing resource includes specific storytelling techniques as well as retellings of stories from various cultures and traditions.