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"Since its earliest days, flight has been about pushing the limits of technology and, in many cases, pushing the limits of human endurance. The human body can be the limiting factor in the design of aircraft and spacecraft. Humans cannot survive unaided at high altitudes. There have been a number of books written on the subject of spacesuits, but the literature on the high-altitude pressure suits is lacking. This volume provides a high-level summary of the technological development and operational use of partial- and full-pressure suits, from the earliest models to the current high altitude, full-pressure suits used for modern aviation, as well as those that were used for launch and entry on the Space Shuttle. The goal of this work is to provide a resource on the technology for suits designed to keep humans alive at the edge of space."--NTRS Web site.
The definitive story of pressure suits began long ago and has involved a great many people who aided in perfecting the present state of the art, as this book well chronicles. Many of these people were visionaries who anticipated the need for such highly specialized equipment long before it could actually be employed in any practical application. A remarkable number of pressure suit designs were developed early on, the vast majority of which never made it into flight, amounting to little more than science projects. Nonetheless, these early “experiments” informed later work, which led to practical pressure suits when they were needed for high altitude flight. All successful pressure suit designs have been the result of efforts to address a specific need in a specific application, beginning with Wiley Post’s pressure suit designed for use in his Lockheed Vega, the Winnie Mae. Long considered the granddaddy of modern pressure suits, Post’s suit was employed principally for protection from hypoxia rather than decompression sickness, since his Lockheed Vega’s altitude ceiling was 50,000 feet. The first operational full-pressure suit employed (in the D-558-2 Douglas Sky-Rocket) for flight above 50,000 feet was also the result of a collaboration between suit designers and pilot (Scott Crossfield). This close collaboration continued on for the development of the landmark full pressure suit for the X-15 program. The X-15 suit first employed link-net material, originally conceived for the neck section of early U-2 pilots. Helmets aid pressurized mobility, for the entire restraint layer of the suit. This unique material greatly facilitated custom suit fitting and enhanced pilot comfort and remains in use to the present. Thus, the X-15 suit is really the granddaddy of modern-day pressure suits as it led directly to the standardized military full-pressure suits that followed and continue to be used in service to the present. Further, the X-15’s high performance required that the pressure suit be capable of withstanding exposure to extreme altitudes, temperatures, and high-Q ejections, thus setting the stage to satisfy similar requirements for later programs, namely the A-12, SR-71, XB-70 and Space Shuttle.
From the earliest aviation pressure suit pioneers to today's plans for space suits for the planned manned asteroid retrieval mission, this unique ebook compilation will be of great interest to aviation and space enthusiasts. It includes a reproduction of a major NASA History Special Publication, Dressing For Altitude: U.S. Aviation Pressure Suits - Wiley Post to Space Shuttle. Anybody who has watched many movies or television shows has seen them--the ubiquitous silver suits worn by pilots as they explore the unknown. They are called pressure suits, and one can trace their lineage to Wiley Post or, perhaps, a bit earlier. There are two kinds of pressure suits: partial pressure and full pressure. In a partial-pressure suit, the counter-pressure is not as complete as in a full-pressure suit, but it is placed so that shifts in body fluids are kept within reasonable limits. On the other hand, a full-pressure suit, which is an anthropomorphic pressure vessel, creates an artificial environment for the pilot. One type of pressure suit is not necessarily "better" than the other, and both partial pressure and full pressure suits are still in limited use around the world. Both type of suits have benefits and limitations and, by and large, pilots dislike both, even while acknowledging their necessity. For the past 60 years, they have been an indispensible part of a small fragment of the aviation world. Although space suits, which differ from pressure suits in subtle, but important ways, have been well covered in literature, pressure suits have gone unheralded except as introductions to the space suit histories. This book is an attempt to correct that, and covers pressure suits from the beginning through the end of the Space Shuttle program.Contents: Horror Vacui * Structure of Atmosphere * Atmospheric Pressure * Physiological Issues of High-Altitude Flight * Mark Ridge, Wiley Post, and John Kearby * Early Pressure Suits * Wiley Post and the Winnie Mae * International Efforts * Aeromedical Pioneers * U.S. Army Rediscovers the Pressure Suit * Summary * Acceleration Protection * Physiology of Acceleration * Human Centrifuges * Beginning of an Idea * Australian Cotton Aerodynamic Anti-G Suit * Canadian Franks Flying Suit * Americans * Berger Brothers * Worcester Connection * Cutaway Suits * Postwar Suits * TLSS and COMBAT EDGE * ATAGS and F-22 * Rediscovering Progressive Arterial Occlusion Suit * Partial-Pressure Suits * Pressure Breathing * S-1: Genesis of the Partial-Pressure Suit * S-2 and T-1: Production Partial-Pressure Suits * MC-1: Featherweight Suit * MB-1 and MB-2: Ill-Fated Air Defense Command Suits * MC-3 and MC-4: Dragon Ladies and Hustlers * MC-3A Specials: Manhigh, Excelsior, and Stargazer * CSU-2/P: Attempt to Improve the MC-4 * C-1A and C-4: Navy Capstan Suits * CSU-4/P and CSU-5/P: Bladders Only * HAPS-NASA Dryden High-Altitude Protective System * Navy Full-Pressure Suits * Russell Colley, Again * Mark I * Mark II * Mark III * Mark IV * Mark IV Suits for Strato-Lab * Mark V * Project Mercury Spacesuits * Air Force Full-Pressure Suits * Lines of Nonextension * MC-2: A New Beginning * A/P22S-2: Production USAF Full-Pressure Suits * Sidebar: The Evolving Pressure Suit Depot * A/P22S-3: A Navy Suit for the Air Force * A/P22S-4 and A/P22S-6: Evolving the Concept Boyle's Law Suit * PHAFO: The Stillborn High-Altitude Flying Outfit * Special Project Suits * S901 and S970:Suits for Oxcart * S-100: Hybrid Suit for the Original U-2 * S901J: Initial Suit for Senior Crown * S1010: A Suit for Dragon Lady * S1031C: Common Suit * S1034: Improved Common Suit * Shrinking Industrial Base * Space Shuttle Pressure Suits * ISSA and EIS: Stillborn Space Shuttle Suits * S1030A: Ejection Escape System...
From the earliest aviation pressure suit pioneers to today's plans for space suits for the planned manned asteroid retrieval mission, this unique ebook compilation will be of great interest to aviation and space enthusiasts. It includes a reproduction of a major NASA History Special Publication, Dressing For Altitude: U.S. Aviation Pressure Suits - Wiley Post to Space Shuttle. Anybody who has watched many movies or television shows has seen them--the ubiquitous silver suits worn by pilots as they explore the unknown. They are called pressure suits, and one can trace their lineage to Wiley Post or, perhaps, a bit earlier. There are two kinds of pressure suits: partial pressure and full pressure. In a partial-pressure suit, the counter-pressure is not as complete as in a full-pressure suit, but it is placed so that shifts in body fluids are kept within reasonable limits. On the other hand, a full-pressure suit, which is an anthropomorphic pressure vessel, creates an artificial environment for the pilot. One type of pressure suit is not necessarily "better" than the other, and both partial pressure and full pressure suits are still in limited use around the world. Both type of suits have benefits and limitations and, by and large, pilots dislike both, even while acknowledging their necessity. For the past 60 years, they have been an indispensible part of a small fragment of the aviation world. Although space suits, which differ from pressure suits in subtle, but important ways, have been well covered in literature, pressure suits have gone unheralded except as introductions to the space suit histories. This book is an attempt to correct that, and covers pressure suits from the beginning through the end of the Space Shuttle program.Contents: Horror Vacui * Structure of Atmosphere * Atmospheric Pressure * Physiological Issues of High-Altitude Flight * Mark Ridge, Wiley Post, and John Kearby * Early Pressure Suits * Wiley Post and the Winnie Mae * International Efforts * Aeromedical Pioneers * U.S. Army Rediscovers the Pressure Suit * Summary * Acceleration Protection * Physiology of Acceleration * Human Centrifuges * Beginning of an Idea * Australian Cotton Aerodynamic Anti-G Suit * Canadian Franks Flying Suit * Americans * Berger Brothers * Worcester Connection * Cutaway Suits * Postwar Suits * TLSS and COMBAT EDGE * ATAGS and F-22 * Rediscovering Progressive Arterial Occlusion Suit * Partial-Pressure Suits * Pressure Breathing * S-1: Genesis of the Partial-Pressure Suit * S-2 and T-1: Production Partial-Pressure Suits * MC-1: Featherweight Suit * MB-1 and MB-2: Ill-Fated Air Defense Command Suits * MC-3 and MC-4: Dragon Ladies and Hustlers * MC-3A Specials: Manhigh, Excelsior, and Stargazer * CSU-2/P: Attempt to Improve the MC-4 * C-1A and C-4: Navy Capstan Suits * CSU-4/P and CSU-5/P: Bladders Only * HAPS-NASA Dryden High-Altitude Protective System * Navy Full-Pressure Suits * Russell Colley, Again * Mark I * Mark II * Mark III * Mark IV * Mark IV Suits for Strato-Lab * Mark V * Project Mercury Spacesuits * Air Force Full-Pressure Suits * Lines of Nonextension * MC-2: A New Beginning * A/P22S-2: Production USAF Full-Pressure Suits * Sidebar: The Evolving Pressure Suit Depot * A/P22S-3: A Navy Suit for the Air Force * A/P22S-4 and A/P22S-6: Evolving the Concept Boyle's Law Suit * PHAFO: The Stillborn High-Altitude Flying Outfit * Special Project Suits * S901 and S970:Suits for Oxcart * S-100: Hybrid Suit for the Original U-2 * S901J: Initial Suit for Senior Crown * S1010: A Suit for Dragon Lady * S1031C: Common Suit * S1034: Improved Common Suit * Shrinking Industrial Base * Space Shuttle Pressure Suits * ISSA and EIS: Stillborn Space Shuttle Suits * S1030A: Ejection Escape System (EES) Suits * LEH: Launch Entry Helmet * S1032: Launch Entry Suits (LES) * S1035: Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) * Comparing Columbia to an SR-71 Breakup
This book surveys historical and emerging global air and space power issues and provides a multidisciplinary understanding of the application of air and space power in the past and present, while exploring potential future challenges that global air forces may face. Bringing together leading and emerging academics, professionals, and military personnel from Australia within the field of air and space power, this edited collection traces the evolution of technological innovations, as well as the ethical and cultural frameworks which have informed the development of air and space power in the 20th and 21st centuries, and contemplates the future. It covers topics such as the insurgents' use of drones, the ethics of air strikes, the privatisation of air power, the historical trajectory of air power strategy, and the sociological implications of an ‘air force’ identity. While many of the chapters use Australian-based case studies for their analysis, they have broader applicability to a global readership, and several chapters examine other nations’ experiences, including those of the United States and the United Kingdom. This accessible, illuminating book is an important addition to contemporary air and space power literature, and will be of great interest to students and scholars of air and space power, air warfare, military and international history, defence studies, and contemporary strategic studies, as well as military professionals.
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Encompassing all occupants of aircraft and spacecraft—passengers and crew, military and civilian—Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, 5th Edition, addresses all medical and public health issues involved in this unique medical specialty. Comprehensive coverage includes everything from human physiology under flight conditions to the impact of the aviation industry on public health, from an increasingly mobile global populace to numerous clinical specialty considerations, including a variety of common diseases and risks emanating from the aerospace environment. This text is an invaluable reference for all students and practitioners who engage in aeromedical clinical practice, engineering, education, research, mission planning, population health, and operational support.
The design processes behind a giant leap for mankind Neil Armstrong in a space suit on the moon remains an iconic representation of America’s technological ingenuity. Few know that the Model A-7L pressure suit worn by the Apollo 11 astronauts, and the Model A-7LB that replaced it in 1971, originated at ILC Industries (now ILC Dover, LP), an obscure Delaware industrial firm. Longtime ILC space suit test engineer Bill Ayrey draws on original files and photographs to tell the dramatic story of the company’s role in the Apollo Program. Though respected for its early designs, ILC failed to win NASA’s faith. When the government called for new suit concepts in 1965, ILC had to plead for consideration before NASA gave it a mere six weeks to come up with a radically different design. ILC not only met the deadline but won the contract. That underdog success led to its greatest challenge: winning a race against time to create a suit that would determine the success or failure of the Apollo missions—and life or death for the astronauts. A fascinating behind-the-scenes history of a vital component of the space program, Lunar Outfitters goes inside the suit that made it possible for human beings to set foot on the moon.