[PDF] Biological Insulating Liquids eBook

Author : Ernst Peter Pagger
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 329 pages
File Size : 24,80 MB
Release : 2023-03-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 3031224604

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This book describes the state-of-the-art use of biological insulating liquids in detail. In recent years, more and more transformers filled with esters have been put into operation. This is because people recognize the benefits of ester liquids in terms of their fire safety (high flash and fire points) and environmental characteristics, judging from their biodegradability, their low CO2 footprint (only valid for natural ester) and their beneficial interactions with solid insulation, etc. One of the main reasons is that the water adsorption and absorption characteristics of these liquids are excellent and very different compared to mineral oil. The today’s discussion about climate change and global warming is an additional driver for using natural ester. Another advantage is that transformers filled with biological insulating liquids can operate with an overload of up to 150%. This is advantageous in the case of volatile energy generation from wind and solar power and in the supply of electrical energy for electromobility. Liquid inside electrical equipment is the lifeblood that serves both as a dielectric and a cooling medium. Some properties of these liquids differ from mineral oil, which had to be considered in the transformer design. The dielectric liquid is always in direct contact with transformer materials; therefore, the interaction should be very well understood, especially when retrofilling an existing mineral oil filled device. There are several natural ester fluids derived from various seeds and fruits on the market, and their properties may differ more or less. In the book, the most important properties of the different biological insulating fluids and mineral oil are compared. Ester fluids have already found their way into various standards. The condition of the device can be verified very well from the contents of the insulating liquids. For analysis and testing, the same equipment and devices that are commonly used for mineral oil are used for ester liquid. The chemical and physical behaviors of ester fluids compared to mineral oil are different. This must always be considered when interpreting test results stemming from ester fluids. The book is a guideline for students, original equipment manufacturers, users, laboratories and authorities in the use of biological insulating liquids.

Author : Dhorali Gnanasekaran
Publisher : Springer
Page : 163 pages
File Size : 40,91 MB
Release : 2017-09-08
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9811048703

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This book discusses vegetable oil based biolubricants and their applications in the power distribution industry. Vegetable oil based lubricants offer significant advantages over petroleum-based lubricants, including biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, renewability, and lower environmental effects. This book provides a detailed literature survey of modified vegetable oils. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of vegetable oil, and their effects on its applications in tribology. The book discusses additives and enhancements to make vegetable oils suitable for use as lubricating oils and transformer oils in power plants and power distribution grids. The contents of the book will be useful to researchers and professionals as well as policy makers and standards agencies.

Author :
Publisher :
Page : 6 pages
File Size : 41,75 MB
Release : 1989
Category :
ISBN :

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The principal aim of this program has been to study the electronic structure of insulating liquids of biological interest over a broad energy range from 0 to 30 eV. The studies basically consist of measuring the reflectance, transmittance, photoemission and photoionization of dielectric liquids in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region as a function of angle of incidence and energy. these in turn may be interpreted in terms of the electronic structure of each liquid as it is excited by the passage of a charged particle. Optical data provides indirect evidence that collective effects occur in liquids. Direct observation of their existence is substantiated in studies of the energy distribution of electrons specularly scattered from the liquid surface.

Author :
Publisher :
Page : 6 pages
File Size : 11,17 MB
Release : 1989
Category :
ISBN :

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The principal aim of this program has been to study the electronic structure of insulating liquids of biological interest over a broad energy range from 0 to 30 eV. The studies basically consist of measuring the reflectance, transmittance, photoemission and photoionization of dielectric liquids in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region as a function of angle of incidence and energy. these in turn may be interpreted in terms of the electronic structure of each liquid as it is excited by the passage of a charged particle. Optical data provides indirect evidence that collective effects occur in liquids. Direct observation of their existence is substantiated in studies of the energy distribution of electrons specularly scattered from the liquid surface.

Author : Leslie R. Rudnick
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 1195 pages
File Size : 44,6 MB
Release : 2020-01-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 1351655744

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Highlighting the major economic and industrial changes in the lubrication industry since the first edition, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology, Third Edition highlights the major economic and industrial changes in the lubrication industry and outlines the state of the art in each major lubricant application area. Chapters cover the use of lubricant fluids, growth or decline of market areas and applications, potential new applications, production capacities, and regulatory issues, including biodegradability, toxicity, and food production equipment lubrication. The highly-anticipated third edition features new and updated chapters including those on automatic and continuously variable transmission fluids, fluids for food-grade applications, oil-soluble polyalkylene glycols, functional bio-based lubricant base stocks, farnesene-derived polyolefins, estolides, bio-based lubricants from soybean oil, and trends in construction equipment lubrication. Features include: Contains an index of terms, acronyms, and analytical testing methods. Presents the latest conventions for describing upgraded mineral oil base fluids. Considers all the major lubrication areas: engine oils, industrial lubricants, food-grade applications, greases, and space-age applications Includes individual chapters on lubricant applications—such as environmentally friendly, disk drive, and magnetizable fluids—for major market areas around the globe. In a single, unique volume, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology, Third Edition offers property and performance information of fluids, theoretical and practical background to their current applications, and strong indicators for global market trends that will influence the industry for years to come.

Author : Mark F Wiser
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 978 pages
File Size : 33,13 MB
Release : 2023-06-30
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1000863786

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Biology is central to our understanding of health and disease and to the development of effective treatments, and thus it is critical that health professionals have a solid grounding and knowledge comfort in the pathogenesis and mechanisms of disease processes. This innovative new textbook draws these topics together, providing an accessible introduction across four central disciplines - basic biology, biotechnology, non-infectious disease and infectious disease. Key Features: Provides students of biology and those going into health care professions with a strong foundation to understand the pathogenesis of disease at the molecular and cellular level Focuses on the etiology and pathophysiology of the major human diseases by body system, including diabetes and nutritional disorders, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, aligned to medicine and health science course structure Covers mechanisms of infectious disease transmission, as well as disease pathophysiology, and considers the impact of antibiotic resistance Reviews the applications of biotechnology and genomics to human health in diagnosis and treatment, as well as to our understanding of disease and disease surveillance Each chapter contains a mini glossary of key terms and associated definitions, and review questions allow students to assess how much of the chapter they have understood Digital resources accompany the textbook, such as interactive quizzes for students to engage with and figure slides of the book's illustrations that instructors can use in lectures Enhanced throughout with plentiful illustrations, Biology for the Health Sciences is an essential companion for any student of the health sciences and for biological science students studying the causes of disease as part of a wider course.