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As a developing country with great regional disparities, China's rapid urbanization has had important impacts on environmental quality. In this study, the drivers-mechanisms-effects (DME) model is built, which shows how element agglomeration, scale growth, knowledge accumulation and industry evolution drive the environmental system to change during the urbanization process. An econometric regression model using provincial panel data is further constructed to empirically analyze the impacts of urbanization on environmental quality. It is shown that during the process of urbanization in China, element agglomeration and knowledge accumulation help to improve environmental quality but with weak positive effect, while growing urban scale and industrial structure have obvious negative effects on environmental quality. The “inverted-U shape” (up first and then down) change in the environmental quality during China's urbanization process is obvious. It is critical that China concentrates on the transformations of both city development paths and urbanization models to reduce resource and environmental costs as much as possible.
Author : Joyce Y. Man Publisher : Lincoln Inst of Land Policy Page : 214 pages File Size : 21,10 MB Release : 2013 Category : Political Science ISBN : 9781558442481
This volume tackles a range of ecological issues caused by rapid urban growth in China and examines the policies meant to protect the environment. It features discussions from leading scholars on current regulations, government decentralization and environmental protection, urban development, industrial air pollution, household greenhouse gas emissions, and transportation systems.
In October 2003, a group of experts met in Beijing under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Engineering (NAE)/National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to continue a dialogue and eventually chart a rational course of energy use in China. This collection of papers is intended to introduce the reader to the complicated problems of urban air pollution and energy choices in China.
Today, global land use is affected by a variety of factors, including urbanization and the growing interconnectedness of economies and markets. This book examines the challenges and opportunities we face in achieving sustainable land use in the twenty-first century. The contributors, from a range of disciplines and countries, present new analytical perspectives and tools for understanding key issues in global land use.
World cities are reaching previously inconceivable sizes and populations. For the last fifteen years, The Megacities Foundation has encouraged public debate on this development, uniting practitioners from the fields of architecture, economics, geography, sociology and urban planning. This book offers a compilation of the Foundation's best lectures, defining megacities and their processes and systems.
Author : Kala S Sridhar Publisher : Taylor & Francis Page : 328 pages File Size : 15,56 MB Release : 2020-10-28 Category : Political Science ISBN : 1000201333
This book offers a comparative analysis of the rise of India and China and their decisive economic and social roles in a global context. It presents a cumulative picture of the socio-economic challenges as well as the opportunities for growth and inclusive development before India and China. The volume analyses the performance of the two countries based on economic and human development indicators. It highlights the key achievements of the two countries in governance and financial growth, and the potential for further economic development. Drawing on government data and empirical research, the book examines India and China’s relative growth in trade, investments, renewable energy technologies, urbanisation, and employment and their policies on agriculture, land use, public health, and rural-urban inequality. Further, it discusses the shared challenges of inequality, poverty, gender disparity, and environment degradation which both countries face and contrasts their policy priorities and governance mechanisms. Comprehensive and insightful, this book will be of great interest for researchers and scholars of development studies, economics, international relations, comparative politics, sociology, public policy, and Asian studies. It will also be useful for think tanks, policy makers, and general readers interested in the India–China relationship.
Following a research design of "e;phenomenal description a' theoretical analysis a' model construction a' empirical test a' policy suggestion"e;, this book aims at proposing "e;National Resources and Environment"e; (NRE) -constrained urbanization theory and establishing a measurement system for appropriate level of urbanization, which will serve as theoretical and empirical bases for measurement of appropriate level of urbanization under NRE constraints. Based on systematic review of previous researches on NRE-constrained urbanization at home and abroad, this book first summarizes the mechanism and rules of NRE-constrained urbanization with reference to theories of Wooden Barrel, Climbing Hill, Migration, Economic Growth and Ecology. By using the theory of endogenous economic growth and the theory of constraints, it further deduces the model of "e;resource drag"e; in urbanization caused by shortage of resources and environment and that of "e;resource curse"e; in urbanization caused by resource endowment respectively. The appropriate NRE-constrained urbanization is deconstructed into four sub-objectives including the level, speed, structure and scale, and thus a measurement model is proposed. Based on the analysis structure of NRE-constrained urbanization, major NRE effects and key constraint factors of NRE on the urbanization of Jiangxi province are studied. Econometric analysis of panel data is also conducted to examine various effects on the process of urbanization. By using theories and models of NRE-constrained urbanization, this book examines the "e;resource drag"e; and "e;resource curse"e; in Jiangxi's urbanization; deduces the equilibrium level of NRE-constrained urbanization in Jiangxi by using the econometric model and compares the actual compatibility of the level and speed of urbanization in Jiangxi during 1978-2008 by using environmental capacity constrained Logistic model. It further examines the compatibility of scale and space distribution in Jiangxi's urbanization and calculates optimal city scale for Jiangxi by using the measurement model of the structure of NRE-constrained urbanization. At last, based on the aforementioned analysis, this book summarizes main findings and future prospects of the research, and provides policy suggestions on promoting the appropriate process of urbanization. The research aims at the mechanism and rules of urbanization progress under constraint of the NRE based on systematic summary of the effect and constraint of NRE on urbanization. A measurement model for the appropriate progress of urbanization is proposed based on the analysis of NRE-constrained urbanization theories. Meanwhile, the general conclusion will be applied to typical areas and tested by an empirical study, so as to test and develop relevant theories, and give a comprehensive evaluation on the coordination of urbanization with NRE. In this way, lessons can be learned and summarized for similar regions to advance urbanization and utilize NRE. More specifically, the objectives of this book involve: (1) to reveal the mechanism and rules of NRE-constrained urbanization theoretically; (2) to propose a measurement model and methods for monitoring the appropriate progress of urbanization under constraint of NRE; (3) to conduct an empirical study on Jiangxi Province, evaluate its proper NRE-constrained urbanization process from the aspects of level, speed, structure and scale during "e;11th Five Year Plan"e; by quantitative evaluation on Jiangxi's urbanization, NRE, and thus giving suggestions for policy making.
Author : World Bank Publisher : World Bank Publications Page : 583 pages File Size : 31,31 MB Release : 2014-07-29 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 1464802068
In the last 30 years, China’s record economic growth lifted half a billion people out of poverty, with rapid urbanization providing abundant labor, cheap land, and good infrastructure. While China has avoided some of the common ills of urbanization, strains are showing as inefficient land development leads to urban sprawl and ghost towns, pollution threatens people’s health, and farmland and water resources are becoming scarce. With China’s urban population projected to rise to about one billion – or close to 70 percent of the country’s population – by 2030, China’s leaders are seeking a more coordinated urbanization process. Urban China is a joint research report by a team from the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council which was established to address the challenges and opportunities of urbanization in China and to help China forge a new model of urbanization. The report takes as its point of departure the conviction that China's urbanization can become more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable. However, it stresses that achieving this vision will require strong support from both government and the markets for policy reforms in a number of area. The report proposes six main areas for reform: first, amending land management institutions to foster more efficient land use, denser cities, modernized agriculture, and more equitable wealth distribution; second, adjusting the hukou household registration system to increase labor mobility and provide urban migrant workers equal access to a common standard of public services; third, placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing while fostering financial discipline among local governments; fourth, improving urban planning to enhance connectivity and encourage scale and agglomeration economies; fifth, reducing environmental pressures through more efficient resource management; and sixth, improving governance at the local level.
As the dazzling economic and social changes in China have imposed substantial impact upon the quality of environmental governance, it is time to review the problems and progress in the politics of China''s environmental protection. This book analyzes the factors in China''s governance and political process that affect and restrain its capacity to handle the mounting environmental problems. It argues that solutions to China''s ecological woes to a larger extent lie in the political and institutional changes rather than in engineering, technological and investment input. The book talks about new policies and reform measures in the green area taken by the government since 2007, arguing that some of them may be quite effective in the long run, as long as they alter institutional factors and the OC growth-firstOCO mindset that obstruct the green effort. The book also includes discussion of China''s climate change policy not only because global warming has come under the limelight of the international community in recent years, but also because it offers a unique dimension to analyze the country''s environmental diplomacy and domestic bureaucratic structure on emissions cutting and related energy issues. China is currently at the crossroads of further political and economic reform, and the intensified public attention to environmental pollution may help the Chinese Communist Party to decisively push forward the long-sluggish political reforms.