[PDF] Age And The Formation Of Inferences eBook

Author : John Kinzie Gould
Publisher :
Page : 430 pages
File Size : 47,53 MB
Release : 2008
Category :
ISBN :

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Abstract: Five experiments explored inferencing in young and elderly subjects. Experiments 1 and 2 used the contradiction reading paradigm, a frequently used paradigm to study the formation of elaborative inferences. Subjects read short passages followed by a continuation sentence that either contradicted or was neutral to the elaboration. In Experiment 1, 1-2 sentences separated the predicting context and the contradiction sentence. In Experiment 2, 5-6 sentences separated the predicting context and the contradiction sentence. Overall, elderly subjects were slower than young subjects. Both young and elderly subjects read the contradiction sentence more slowly than the neutral sentence in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 the effect was seen on the sentence following the contradiction sentence. Experiments 3, 4 and 5 explored the possibility that the results in Experiment 1 and 2 arose not because subjects formed elaborative inferences on-line but only because bridging inferences were formed upon presentation of the contradiction sentence. Only young subjects were tested in these experiments. Experiments 3 and 4 were replications of experiments 1 and 2 with the use of a different paradigm--a probe-word naming paradigm. In this paradigm, a probe word that was either related to the elaborative inference or was neutral was presented either 1-2 sentences or 5-6 sentences after the predicting context. In this paradigm faster naming times for the related than the neutral word are expected if subjects form elaborative inferences (i.e., facilitation). Results in both experiments were unexpected and showed a marginally significant inhibition effect (i.e., longer naming times in the related compared to the neutral condition). These results raise questions about whether elaborative inferences are formed on-line. In Experiment 5, the stimuli from Experiment 3 were altered to include a sentence that would encourage the formation of bridging inferences. In this experiment, there was no significant difference between the related and neutral conditions. Overall, the results call into question the hypothesis that elaborative inferences are formed on-line.

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 6392 pages
File Size : 36,46 MB
Release : 2013-02-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 0080885225

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The changing focus and approach of geomorphic research suggests that the time is opportune for a summary of the state of discipline. The number of peer-reviewed papers published in geomorphic journals has grown steadily for more than two decades and, more importantly, the diversity of authors with respect to geographic location and disciplinary background (geography, geology, ecology, civil engineering, computer science, geographic information science, and others) has expanded dramatically. As more good minds are drawn to geomorphology, and the breadth of the peer-reviewed literature grows, an effective summary of contemporary geomorphic knowledge becomes increasingly difficult. The fourteen volumes of this Treatise on Geomorphology will provide an important reference for users from undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic. Information on the historical development of diverse topics within geomorphology provides context for ongoing research; discussion of research strategies, equipment, and field methods, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations reflect the multiple approaches to understanding Earth’s surfaces; and summaries of outstanding research questions highlight future challenges and suggest productive new avenues for research. Our future ability to adapt to geomorphic changes in the critical zone very much hinges upon how well landform scientists comprehend the dynamics of Earth’s diverse surfaces. This Treatise on Geomorphology provides a useful synthesis of the state of the discipline, as well as highlighting productive research directions, that Educators and students/researchers will find useful. Geomorphology has advanced greatly in the last 10 years to become a very interdisciplinary field. Undergraduate students looking for term paper topics, to graduate students starting a literature review for their thesis work, and professionals seeking a concise summary of a particular topic will find the answers they need in this broad reference work which has been designed and written to accommodate their diverse backgrounds and levels of understanding Editor-in-Chief, Prof. J. F. Shroder of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, is past president of the QG&G section of the Geological Society of America and present Trustee of the GSA Foundation, while being well respected in the geomorphology research community and having won numerous awards in the field. A host of noted international geomorphologists have contributed state-of-the-art chapters to the work. Readers can be guaranteed that every chapter in this extensive work has been critically reviewed for consistency and accuracy by the World expert Volume Editors and by the Editor-in-Chief himself No other reference work exists in the area of Geomorphology that offers the breadth and depth of information contained in this 14-volume masterpiece. From the foundations and history of geomorphology through to geomorphological innovations and computer modelling, and the past and future states of landform science, no "stone" has been left unturned!

Author : John C. Masters
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 337 pages
File Size : 27,42 MB
Release : 2013-10-22
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 1483258181

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Boundary Areas in Social and Developmental Psychology is based largely on the proceedings of a conference at Vanderbilt University in June 1981. One of the goals is to highlight some examples of research that illustrate facets of the important boundary area between social and developmental psychology. The book opens with a chapter that deals with the broad issues of boundary areas in psychology, ending with specific consideration of the boundary between social and developmental psychology. This is followed by separate chapters that consider general propositions regarding the importance of integrating concepts and methods from social and developmental psychology in the study of social relationships; show how integrating social and developmental considerations can assist in the understanding of relationships between parents and children; and apply developmental and social concepts to identify and study some of the aspects of the marital relationship that may lead to its dissolution. Subsequent chapters deal with boundary area issues focusing primarily on children's social behavior. These include the complexity of social processes inherent in children's peer relationships and the role of social exchange processes in social relationships from infancy to adulthood.

Author : Mary Hegarty
Publisher : Springer
Page : 375 pages
File Size : 11,2 MB
Release : 2003-08-01
Category : Computers
ISBN : 3540460373

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference Diagrams 2002, held in Callaway Gardens, Georgia, USA, in April 2002. The 21 revised full papers and 19 posters presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 77 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on understanding and communicating with diagrams, diagrams in mathematics, computational aspects of diagrammatic representation and reasoning, logic and diagrams, diagrams in human-computer interaction, tracing the process of diagrammatic reasoning, visualizing information with diagrams, diagrams and software engineering, and cognitive aspects.

Author : Bradley Efron
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 514 pages
File Size : 50,46 MB
Release : 2021-06-17
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 1108915876

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The twenty-first century has seen a breathtaking expansion of statistical methodology, both in scope and influence. 'Data science' and 'machine learning' have become familiar terms in the news, as statistical methods are brought to bear upon the enormous data sets of modern science and commerce. How did we get here? And where are we going? How does it all fit together? Now in paperback and fortified with exercises, this book delivers a concentrated course in modern statistical thinking. Beginning with classical inferential theories - Bayesian, frequentist, Fisherian - individual chapters take up a series of influential topics: survival analysis, logistic regression, empirical Bayes, the jackknife and bootstrap, random forests, neural networks, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, inference after model selection, and dozens more. The distinctly modern approach integrates methodology and algorithms with statistical inference. Each chapter ends with class-tested exercises, and the book concludes with speculation on the future direction of statistics and data science.

Author : Grace C. Keroher
Publisher :
Page : 1452 pages
File Size : 34,55 MB
Release : 1966
Category : Geology
ISBN :

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A compilation of the geologic names of the United States, its possessions, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone.